Conflicts over water use have been intensifying due to the increase in demands for multiple purposes - notably for irrigation - and due to the reduction in water availability, as an effect of pollution, climate change and a global environmental crisis. The implementation of water resource policies by regions and the increasing recognition of local community capabilities are being widely advocated, pointing to the need for decentralization of enforcement efforts and for the valorization of citizen participation and civil society involvement in water management. The general objective of this research is to develop and propose a new governance model for transformative, decentralized, and participatory oversight of water resource usage. Drawing on bibliographical and documentary research, as well as field research to gather qualified perceptions, this study employs with mixed qualitative and quantitative methods to support and propose adjustments in water governance. These are necessary for adopting a new model of transformative, decentralized, and participatory enforcement action to ensure compliance with water resources usage regulations. This includes expanding the role of the executive secretariats of river basin committees in water management. The vast majority of field research participants, nearly 70%, agree that decentralization through the direction of complaints to the executive secretariats of river basin committees fosters closer ties with local communities, creates opportunities for Environmental Education programs to ensure compliance with water usage, and facilitates discussions in the committees, with data on conflicts of use in their basins. In addition to the decentralization of inspection activities, the research also emphasizes the relevance of participation and social control, and it corroborates the importance of Environmental Education and reporting systems for enforcing water usage regulations.

Water is one of the greatest humanities concerns, which highlights the need for urgent actions to promote sustainable use, protection, and governance, even at the transboundary level. In this respect, this study proposes a method of transboundary water governance assess (TWG) aligned with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG), with emphasis on SDG 6.5.2, in an important Transboundary River Basin (TRB) in South America, the La Plata Basin (LPB), which includes five countries: Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Paraguay, and Uruguay, covering a large population, the most varied biomes, and highly industrialized areas. To address the theme, the situation of TRB around the world, distribution and evolution of studies were contextualized. Additionally, in order to format a conceptual base, concepts of governance were discussed, and to portray the study area a characterization of the PB, its governance framework was presented, in the context of the Intergovernmental Coordinating Committee (CIC) of the La Plata Basin (CIC-Plata), with the presentation of the cooperation projects developed. Then, for the methodology design, some water resources governance assesment methods and indicators were presented and discussed, which subsidized the choice and formatting of a method based on the OECD indicators, with increments from other methodologies, such as those of SDG 6.5.2 and the Transboundary Water Assessment Programme (TWAP) of the United Nations. For conclusion, an evaluation method adapted for the PB was proposed, and from the analysis of the results obtained, several challenges and opportunities were identified that provided reflections, albeit initial ones, that can serve to guide future planning actions in the basin, stimulating discussions on governance and cooperation in South America TRB.

Environmental licensing is an important instrument of the Environmental Policy and one of its programs applied is the Environmental Education Program – PEA. In the Federal District, this Program has norms established by the licensing environmental agency. The inclusion of a more in-depth approach to the water issue in the PEA within a section of the Environmental Licensing of new subdivisions of urban land, motivated by the potential and effective environmental impacts, is part of the main activity which the regulations is issued by the unit responsible for environmental education of Brasília Ambiental, a diagnosis of the PEAs, approved by Brasília Ambiental, from 2009 to June/2022. An analysis of the perceptions, expectations and receptivity involved with the environmental licensing. The research was carried out through documented analyses, consultations and questionnaires. As a result, it was verified that there are challenges for the implementation of this specific theme, as an example of a objective direction, but also the acceptance of inclusion amongst other educational specifications in the care of water resources. The dissertation concludes that the inclusion of the water issue in the PEAs adds to the Program, in addition to giving opportunity through the proposed product of the inclusion of actions with an emphasis on the critical EE approach, one of the aspects of Environmental Education, considering the macro trends of EE - conservative, pragmatic and critical –, which bring an approach to how much EE forms can be worked with the community.

The objective of environmental planning, in general, is to establish guidelines for the occupation of complex territories and, therefore, it needs to be sufficiently linked to the social, environmental and economic function. However, in the large Brazilian metropolises, disorderly occupation followed by the absence of the state foster human activities that can mean pressure and impact on the natural elements in their multiple aspects (Santos, 2004, pg. 72). The problem with this is the later outcome, where the state will need to take control measures and continue to aim at improving people's quality of life and minimizing environmental impacts, for both public sanitation works such as: urban drainage, water supply and sewage collection are extremely important to correct the liability of unplanned anthropic activity, but the costs are high due to the complexity of actions in the already occupied territory. To reach this level of aptitude, environmental, social and economical studies are required, before any prognosis it is necessary to know the physical, chemical and morphological characteristics of the occupied basin, and for this, indicators such as the water quality index appear as one more tool for the qualitative diagnosis providing excellent data for decision making. The difficulty in this type of methodology can come up against the complexity of the analysis, availability of a laboratory and qualified technical staff, both for collecting and evaluating the information. In this way, it is necessary to think of complementary tools to optimize the evaluation costs, preferably with the application of quick evaluation protocols, easy to apply and understand, in addition to indexes that can be obtained from secondary data and worked on free geoprocessing tools to office planning phase, aiming at reducing operating costs and maximizing the significance of the water collection points, as it can be carried out, including, in a geographical location outside the studied area. Given the above, this dissertation aimed to capture the levels of interference in the quality of the water courses tangent to the subdivision in regularization of the Housing Sector Vicente Pires, in Brasília, through the application of the Compliance Index to the Framework - ICE, and the correlation of the influence of the territorial occupation process, considering the history of occupation of the basin, through the application of the Land Use Index - IUS, Comparison Land Use Index - IUSc, and the application of a protocol Rapid Protocol for Environmental Impact Assessment – PRAVIA. Thus, the Kruskal Wallis non-parametric test was applied, which showed a significant difference between the indices, when compared to the pair, the parameters that showed a statistically significant difference with a standard significance level of 5% or (p<0.05) were submitted to the a posteriori test, that is, Mann-Whitney post-roc for comparison of two unpaired groups (pair analysis) in order to identify if there is difference between them. Of the results from the study, only PRAVIA did not present a statistical difference, which meant that it would allow correlating the aspects raised in the field would have effects on the results of the ICE. However, adaptations were made to the protocol considering the two land use indices, with the name given to the new tool Rapid Protocol for the Assessment of Environmental Impact and Land Use - PRAVIAUS, which showed significant relevance and maintained the correlation of the other indices, as pointed out by the Mann-Whitney post-roc test, in which the null hypothesis or H0 was rejected in the comparative test, therefore (p <0.05) indicated that in this case, because it was below the target (between the means of the variables at different points), the correlation between the two groups can be performed, therefore, according to the statistical test, the results of the protocol were significant to interfere with the water quality values, inferring that there are conditions to affirm regarding the influence on the data obtained by the ICE .

In the Brazilian legal framework, environmental licensing is an instrument of the National Environmental Policy, which aims to improve, from an environmental point of view, the design and execution of an activity or enterprise with a significant polluting potential. Although this instrument guarantees a healthier and more balanced environment for society, the compensations and mitigations that are imposed for the implementation of hydroelectric plants are targets of criticism by their entrepreneurs and also by the impacted civil society. On the side of the energy concessionaires, the slowness in the analyzes of the environmental agency and the lack of a causal link between some requirements and the impacts generated by the hydroelectric plant are criticized. Meanwhile, on the other hand, impacted civil society alleges that compensation measures and impact mitigation are insufficient to repair or prevent the damage caused. In an environmental licensing process conducted by Instituto Brasileiro do Meio Ambiente e dos Recursos Naturais Renováveis (IBAMA), the environmental commitments and obligations are defined in an environmental license, in the way of specific conditions. It is through these constraints that IBAMA imposes operational restrictions on entrepreneurs or imposes obligations to do. As a way of contributing constructively to the debate presented, this work carries out a classification of the environmental constraints that IBAMA elaborated in fourteen previous licenses issued for hydroelectric plants. Through the classification carried out and the relative frequency calculated, it was possible to identify which were the environmental aspects and impacts that IBAMA considers importants at the moment of issuance of the preliminary license.

The monitoring of water quality is of great relevance both in the diagnostic phase of the water bodies framing process and for the mitigation and prevention of environmental impacts. The use of sensors, which detect optically active substances, such as Chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) Turbidity and Colour Dissolved Organic Matter (CDOM), presents great potential of application in the area, because it facilitates the acquisition of data in the phase of diagnosis of the process of framing, saving time and resources of the administration agencies. The general objective of this research consisted in the validation of the Multi Parameter Multispectral Sonde (MPMS), prototype in development, used in the monitoring of Chl-a, CDOM and Turbidity to verify the efficiency and applicability of this technology as a way to contribute to the framing process of the water bodies. For such purpose, the analyses have been divided in two methods: the Sensor method and the Laboratory Analytical Methods, validating the sonde in comparison with the probes considered benchmark and in relation to the laboratory analytical commercial equipment’s. A case study has also been carried out in the hydrographic basin of the Barnabé stream, where 20 samples were collected from a Class 2 hydric body, a tributary of the Jundiaí River sub-basin. As a result, it was verified by statistical analysis (t-Student; α = 0.05) that the MPMS probe showed the same capacity to monitor Chl-a as the TriLux digital fluorimeter (p-value = 0.99974), in the sensor analysis, and as the BEL 2000 UV spectrophotometer (p-value = 0.1251) and the Cary Eclipse fluorimeter (p-value = 0.0928), in the laboratory analysis, and to monitor turbidity as the HANNA HI93703 turbidimeter (p-value = 0.99792), validating the capacity of the probe. To test its applicability, the MPMS sonde was compared in field, in the Barnabé stream, Indaiatuba-SP, presenting a good correlation of the data set for turbidity (p-value = 0.3877) and a very low correlation of the chlorophyll-a data (p-value = 3.19201E-6), indicating the need for adjustments in the probe for the field. It can be concluded that the MPMS probe was validated as a support tool for the water quality monitoring phase, essential for the framing process of water bodies, especially when it is connected to the APP AgroTag, facilitating the capture and storage of data by researchers and environmental management bodies.

On February 17, 2017, the Brasilia Sanitary Landfill (ASB) was inaugurated, with 720 thousand square meters, with capacity to receive 8.13 million tons of waste and was built with technologies to avoid contamination of groundwater as well such as noise and air pollution. The decomposition of waste that arrives daily at the landfill generates leachate, a liquid with a high pollutant load. Initially, this effluent was stored in ponds and the surplus was treated by COMPANHIA DE SANEAMENTO DO DISTRITO FEDERAL (CAESB), at the Sewage Treatment Station (ETE) in Samambaia. However, in June 2019, CAESB informed that it was impossible to continue receiving the effluent and the Urban Cleaning Service (SLU), the authority responsible for managing the landfill, hired a company that treats this effluent and then releases it on the Melchior River. With this, the present work aimed to analyze the degree of acceptability of the quality of the effluents released by CAESB in the Melchior River from February 2017, a period that coincides with the shipment of manure from the Landfill of Brasília, which started to be mixed with domestic and industrial effluents at ETE Samambaia and released into the Melchior River after treatment. For this purpose, the methodological approach used was qualitative and quantitative, analyzing grant documents and data provided monthly and/or bimonthly by ADASA-DF, by the Urban Cleaning Service (SLU), by IBRAM and by CAESB, the latter responsible for monitoring of the receiving bodies of the ETEs and that has analyzed physical and chemical parameters. Data were selected through principal component analysis and characterized by means of a descriptive statistical analysis, with qualitative and quantitative data on flow, biochemical oxygen demandBOD, chemical oxygen demand-COD, ammoniacal nitrogen, dissolved oxygen, pH, turbidity, alkalinity, hardness, acidity, chloride, phosphorus, iron indicated that there was no change in the quality of the effluent from CAESB after the interruption of receiving, mixing and treating the slurry from the Landfill of Brasília, the analyzes also showed that the treatment of the slurry carried out today by SLU has a high standard of efficiency that means that this effluent has a low polluting potential when it is released into the Melchior River.

The quality of water is a condition for various uses, such as human supply, recreation, food production and industrial. These economic activities have a major impact on public health and the population's quality of life. Environmental monitoring is of great importance to inform trends in the evolution of water quality, especially in the long term, as it allows the quantification of physical, chemical and biological variables, and thus enables the environmental diagnosis of that water. The most up-to-date data on effluents generated by potentially polluting activities and released into Brazilian water bodies are available in the Report on Potentially Polluting Activities and Users of Environmental Resources (RAPP) of the Brazilian Institute for the Environment and Renewable Natural Resources (Ibama). However, the information on the RAPP Liquid Effluents form does not include qualitative data on the effluents. Therefore, the present study has the general objective of presenting an analysis of the Liquid Effluents form of the RAPP of Ibama, in order to demonstrate the possibilities of expanding the monitoring of water quality in Brazil. Over 2022, 23,109 forms of liquid effluents were completed in the RAPP with data of 2021, with approximately 6,500 legal entities reporting that they discharge their liquid effluents directly into the water body and that they had this water body monitored. After the analyzes carried out in this study, it was possible to initially put into evidence that the monitoring of water quality in Brazil could be increased by at least another six thousand monitoring points. After analyzing the thematic form “liquid effluents” of the RAPP and the types of Pollutant Load Declarations issued by some units of the federation, it is preliminarily suggested that other items should be included in the form which could better demonstrate the quality of the effluent and the water body that, if applicable, will be released, such as: effluent type, specification of the control parameters, sampling points, monitoring frequency and the result of the analysis for each parameter.

Many human activities have generated changes in the quality of water resources. The present work aims to carry out a risk assessment of arsenic and manganese contamination in the Paracatu river basin. To this end, data on total arsenic and total manganese in surface waters from 28 monitoring stations were used, from the dry period between the years 2014 and 2021, in the Paracatu river basin, aiming to calculate pollution indicators and evaluate contamination by modeling with geostatistics algorithms, Indicative Kriging, generating maps and suggestions for monitoring water resources for SINGREH entities. The data was processed using descriptive statistics and geostatistics. The results show that the Paracatu River basin has high to very high arsenic contamination and moderate to high manganese contamination, and is experiencing a progressive deterioration in its quality. The use of indicative kriging made it possible to identify contamination hotspots in the study area, which are associated with mining, inappropriate use of agricultural inputs and discharge of domestic sewage. These hotspots made it possible to suggest adjustments to the monitoring network in the Rico stream and São Domingos stream and serve as support for decision-making by the water resources management body and the basin committee.

The natural runoff of the watershed is significantly altered due to the urbanization process, thus stormwater management plays a key role in an urban area, which must occur within an integrated watershed management system, in cooperation with all actors involved. (Villanueva et. al, 2011). This work aims to analyze the integration of urban stormwater management with the management of water resources through the study of the management of urban rainwater detention and retention reservoirs installed in the Federal District, and propose procedures for their improvement from experiences in another city in the country. Thus, as a product, a workflow proposal will be presented between the institutions that collaborate with the management of urban rainwater management in the Federal District.

No cenário da crise hídrica vivenciada no Distrito Federal, nos anos de 2016 a 2018, instituições pertencentes ao Sistema de Gerenciamento de Recursos Hídricos do Distrito Federal, em conformidade com a Lei nº 9433/1997 e Lei nº 2725/2001, contiveram o uso da água aos usuários locais, a partir do estabelecimento de rodízio no abastamento, tendo por base dados obtidos de monitoramentos de volume de água da barragem do Rio Descoberto. Informações apontadas pela CODEPLAN (2018) revelaram que o volume de água consumida pelas atividades agrícolas e uso doméstico foram insipientes nos períodos anteriores ao período de crise. Nesse contexto, este trabalho identifica que as informações produzidas pelo Sistema de Informações sobre Recursos Hídricos do Distrito Federal – SIRH-DF poderiam ter sido melhor aproveitada, gerando maior eficiência, se contemplassem também as informações geradas pelos próprios usuários de recursos hídricos, enriquecendo os dados do Sistema. Dessa forma, tem-se que a participação social dos usuários, conforme JACOBI (2006) e BRONZATTO et al. (2018), tradicionalmente presente na tomada de decisão dentro de um órgão colegiado, é entendida como atuação direta em complemento à qualidade das informações no SIRH-DF, referente a dados sobre o uso da água, ações relativas a conservação e preservação dos corpos hídricos, bem como ações de educação ambiental, na intenção de alertar os órgãos gestores sobre uma possível crise e, consequentemente, auxiliá-los na tomada de decisão na sua gestão. A partir desses apontamentos, colocou-se a seguinte questão de investigação: De que modo um banco de dados espacial participativo impacta na qualidade de informação do SIRH-DF, a partir das informações geradas pelos usuários? Com isso, o objetivo da presente pesquisa é expressar uma proposta de banco de dados espacial, por meio da participação social dos usuários, na Unidade Hidrográfica do Ribeirão Rodeador, que contribua para o aperfeiçoamento do SIRH-DF, como ferramenta adicional preventiva e mitigatória dos efeitos de uma eventual futura crise hídrica. Em termos de metodologia empregaram-se entrevistas e questionários semiestruturados, como instrumentos para captar informações sobre a utilização de recursos hídricos, tanto por parte dos usuários e da sociedade civil, da Unidade Hidrográfica do Ribeirão Rodeador, quanto pelos órgãos pertencentes ao SIRHDF. Posteriormente, houve a aplicação do método de análise de conteúdo, e interpretação de sentidos conforme (Minayo et al., 2009) e o uso do software IRAMUTEQ para busca de informação, cujos dados gerados foram elencados em um modelo de banco de dados espacial, para possíveis ações de educação ambiental, conservação e preservação dos corpos hídricos. Por fim, como resultado de pesquisa destaca-se que a proposta de um banco de dados espacial participativo permite simultaneamente o protagonismo dos usuários da região destacada em ações de governança nas políticas públicas recursos hídricos, bem como o robustecimento de informações para o SIRH-DF em benefício do processo decisório. Contudo, a ferramenta em questão não permitiria uma discussão direta sobre os instrumentos da política de recursos hídricos, seja pela complexidade ou pelo modelo adotado atualmente de gestão de águas do Distrito Federal.

Water security refers to the availability of quality water in sufficient quantity to meet human, economic and maintenance needs for aquatic ecosystems, in addition to managing risks related to climatic extremes and human misuse of water resources. This study sought to verify the risks arising from mining in the Tapajós River basin for the health of newborns from 1997 to 2017, regarding prematurity, low birth weight and congenital malformations. For this, two spatio-temporal mining bases were used, the first, resulting from the geoprocessing of orbital images and the second, from the MapBiomas project. Newborn data were obtained from the Live Birth Information System (SINASC), made available by the Ministry of Health. The integration of these bases evaluated four spatial conditions of newborn exposure to mining. The first three consider the mining areas existing in the municipal perimeter of the mother's residence, plus the mining areas located upstream of the water courses and contained in circles centered on the municipal seat, with radii of 50, 150 and 300 km. The fourth exposure condition estimates the mining area within the municipal perimeter, plus all the mining areas located upstream of the water courses that run through the municipality. In the statistical analysis of the data, the logistic regression model was applied. For the first and fourth exposure conditions of base 1, coefficients of 0.96% (95% CI: 0.12; 1.81) and 2.41% (95% CI: 1.88; 2 .94), which indicate the percentage increase in the risk of prematurity for every 1,000 hectares of exposure. For base 2 (MapBiomas), the results show increases of 0.77% (95% CI: 0.08; 1.46) and 0.34% (95% CI: 0.15; 0.54) in risk of low birth weight in the third and fourth exposure conditions. As for the risk of congenital malformation, the results show increases of 12.13% (95% CI: 0.43; 25.19) and 6.67% (95% CI: 0.72; 12.96) associated with mining in the second and third exposure conditions, with significance only for base 1. Finally, the study found a positive association between exposure to mining and the risk to the health of newborns, evidencing an important conflict between water users in the region. Tapajós watershed, to be minimized through the implementation of management and control instruments provided for in the National Water Resources Policy (PNRH). 

Water as an essential natural resource for human activities requires more accurate control when used in larger volume processes as in the case of agro-industries. When used in crops it is necessary to consider the amount of fluid flow as one of the most important variables in the irrigation process and flow measurement is essential at all stages. Due to the amount of data available from the forty-nine pumps installed in the fifteen existing water collections along the irrigated perimeters there was a lack of management and transmission of information. In this sense the present project proposes the automation of the flow measurement system that makes it possible to receive store and make available the daily consumption of the capture on a platform facilitating the management of information and better control of consumption. From the publication of the Resolution SEMAD/IGAM n° 2302/2015 (Repealed by Resolution SEMAD/ IGAM 2.849/2019) the bevap installed a flow measurement system in all of its water intakes and has been manually recording each pump and later transcribing it to electronic systems. Currently after the floods that hit the region in the first quarter of this year only 20% of the instruments corresponding to three collection points are in perfect working order. Then the results of one of the capture points, called 91504, located at Santa Luzia Farm are pointed out, with the expectation that they will be repeated in the others after restoration and perfect functioning. At the point of capture determined, it was found that the gains achieved refer to obtaining instant data information, reducing operating costs, optimizing productivity, and complying with the legislation of environmental bodies in the water sector. On the other hand, as negative aspects, we can mention the dependence on measuring equipment that need to be operating in its entirety to achieve a more significant result, the high added value and the need for quality artificial intelligence.

It is the objective of the National Water Resources Management System - SINGREH to promote water charge. Due Law No. 9,433/1997, the use of water will be charged. However, 25 years after the enactment of Law, this management instrument hasn’t yet been implemented in the entire national territory, nor does it affect a part of the use rights granted in Brazil. In this way, the governances used by the federation units to implement the collection were verified, as well as, from technical, doctrinal and legal bases, a legal interpretation was sought that fits the principles and rules of the National Water Resources Policy. From the analysis, it is evaluated that the conditions currently set by the National Council of Water Resources - CNRH exclude the promotion of water charge by SINGREH, being out of harmony with technical concerns and with the doctrinal and judicial understandings on the subject. Therefore, this Project evaluates the need for adjustments in governance of SINGREH, aiming to fill gaps in the implementation of water charge in Brazil. With this, new guidelines are suggested for the implementation of the National Water Resources Policy, application of its instruments (in this case, for water charge) and SINGREH's performance. These are guidelines that don’t require legal changes, that are in line with guidelines already adopted by the CNRH in the regulation of other instruments of the same Policy. The results contributed can contribute to the discussion of the review of CNRH’ Resolution No 48/2005, foreseen in the National Water Resources Plan 2022-2040, recently approved.

The management of integrated water, environmental and territorial resources is a challenge, with conflicts between land use and occupation planning and water management in the hydrographic basin. Excessive soil sealing is an urbanization problem. The rainwater drainage infrastructure adopts the conventional model of collection and final destination in water bodies. This conventional pattern is insufficient to prevent flooding when heavy rains occur. Ecological urban planning integrated with a sustainable urban drainage system is extremely necessary, through nature-based solutions, green infrastructure, with a view to conserving water resources. Green infrastructure is a tool for designing and installing sustainable cities. This research aims to identify green infrastructures for the sustainable management of rainwater, in order to incorporate them into the environmental licensing processes of urban land subdivisions in the Federal District, Brazil. Green infrastructures can work together with gray infrastructures of conventional urban drainage, promoting the integration of environmental management and water resources. In this research, a brief bibliographic review was carried out on green infrastructures, at different spatial scales, environmental, sociocultural and economic functions, contributions to the sustainable management of urban waters; and, also, the environmental, preliminary and installation licenses were analyzed, highlighting the conditions linked to the sustainable management of rainwater in urban land subdivisions, from 2016 to 2021. Among the results, it was found that green infrastructure is a strategic instrument of ecological urban projects, designed for rainwater management and drainage, which can significantly reduce the negative impacts of soil sealing on the hydrological cycle; however, the application of these solutions is precarious in environmental licensing in DF, Brazil. The installation of green infrastructure depends on incentives through public policies. Then, guidelines and conditions for the sustainable management of urban rainwater were elaborated. In addition, a draft resolution proposal was prepared by the Environment Council, covering green infrastructure, in order to support the analysis and harmonize the interfaces between the managers involved in the environmental licensing process of new urban land subdivisions in the Federal District, Brazil.