Basil (Ocimum basilicum spp.), a small and medium-sized aromatic plant native to
tropical and subtropical Asian regions. It can be classified according to the chemical
composition of its essential oil, giving several aptitudes and uses to each cultivar.
Currently, the reduction of rural areas and populations, as well as the search for fresh
and standardized products, brings importance to crops in urban areas and with high
technology, including environmental control, vertical cultivation systems and
obtaining products with good nutritional contents and content of bioactive
compounds. The present proposal aims to analyze the impacts of indoor cropping
systems on basil plants, comparing them with plants grown in the field, analyzing
agronomic aspects of the plants obtained and the production of the essential oil. A
chamber of 1.60 m long, 80 cm high and 60 cm wide was made in a wooden
structure, for the cultivation of plants, internally covered by an aluminized blanket of
synthetic foam. The chamber had cooling and humidity control, LED lighting system,
sensing, and environmental control automation based on the Arduino R3 board. Ten
basil plants (Ocimum basilicum spp.) were set to grow in 2L pots inside the chamber
for five weeks. At the same time, ten plants from the same plot were set to grow in a
semi-commercial garden in the field for the same period. After five weeks of
vegetative cycle, the height of the plants, the fresh and dry mass and the yield in
essential oil were recorded, as well as the visual aspect of the plants. As a result, the
height of the field plants was on average 13.06% higher than that of the greenhouse
plants, a statistically significant difference. The fresh mass and dry mass of the field
plants were higher than those of the greenhouse plants, the fresh mass 20.6% and
the dry mass 9.37%, statistically significant differences. The essential oil yield of the
greenhouse plants was equivalent to that of the field plants. Visually, the plants
grown in the greenhouse showed development similar to that of the field plants, with
the advantage of not exhibiting leaf deformations and necrotic spots observed
occasionally in some field plants. It was concluded that the indoor cultivation
chamber for basil was competitive.

There are many post-harvest losses and this is due to the precariousness of production 

and commercialization conditions, high volume of losses in the production chain, poor fruit quality 

and phytosanitary barriers (Fischer et al., 2009; ZanchiI et al., 2013 ). In view of this, it is of great importance 

to know the post-harvest physiology and the physicochemical changes that occur in tangerines. It is necessary to 

understand the biological factors that involve conservation and thus develop conservation techniques that will 

define better commercialization and acceptance of these products. There are some techniques to reduce these 

losses, among which the following can be mentioned: temperature and humidity control, the use of packaging and 

the application of waxes (Oliveira and Cereda, 1999). Such techniques must be analyzed and applied 

correctly and thus avoid damage to the fruits. Analyzing the use of refrigeration, the temperature must be 

adequate so that it does not cause cold injury, use of adequate and resistant packaging so that there is no 

proliferation of disease-causing organisms and application of waxes with adequate permeability so that the 

product does not enter into anaerobiosis or fermentation process. It is in this sense that this work is inserted, 

whose main objective is to investigate the loss of mass by the fruits and the changes in the physical and 

chemical characteristics of the ponkans tangerines produced at Quilombo Mesquita subjected to different 

types of packaging.

This dissertation intends to present an overview of some Brazilian agribusiness sectors, namely, the production of soy, corn and cattle and how the so-called Crop-Livestock Integration (CLI) can take place, as a strategy to achieve greater sustainability both environmental and economy, taking into account risk and uncertainty scenarios. In this purpose, the first chapter was dedicated to the analysis of the macroeconomic scenario, in which the purchase prices of inputs and the price of soybeans, corn and beef cattle, quoted in dollars, in a time frame of 25 years, were analyzed, in order to understand where the greatest fluctuations in prices occur, comparing both the international and national scenario, and when the price oscillation in costs is accompanied by the price value of the final products. Opportunely, we analyze the scenario that occurred for those sectors, in the face of the new Coronavirus pandemic. The second chapter, in its terms, covers a microeconomic scenario in a rural company, analyzing the CLI adoption, its advantages and disadvantages and its economic viability, having risk and uncertainty as important factors that are considered, and using Net Present value (NPV) and Internal Rate of Return (IRR) as economic indicators of viability.

Aromatic medicinal plants are those that produce essential oils (OEs) used in different industrial segments such as pharmaceutical, agronomic, food, cosmetic and perfumery. Pelargonium graveolens L. belongs to the Geraniaceae family. It is a medicinal and aromatic shrub, considered important due to its richness in terpenoids, therapeutic compounds constituent in essential oils. Geranium OE is marketed with high value and is among the top 20 OEs in the world, extracted from aerial parts, through hydrodistillation or steam dragging. The present study aims to analyse agronomic characteristics, yield and quality of geranium essential oil. The experiment was implemented in July 2022 and will be conducted for one year in a successional agroforestry system. The agronomic performance as well as the yield in essential oil will be evaluated every four months. The fresh mass and dry matter will be evaluated at each harvest. The identification of the constituents in essential oil will be carried out in the laboratory by means of GC/MS.  

Cylinder and concave openings were tested 7, 8 and 9 in seeds of cultivars Aleppo and Toro; 7, 9 and 12 in the seeds of the Jamu 96 variety and 1, 2 and 3 in the Desi type material. Then, losses in the field and physical and physiological qualities of the seeds were evaluated. As for the fragility of the seeds to mechanical damage, the physical and physiological qualities of the seeds were evaluated under the following conditions: impact forces were tested (0.270, 0.319 and 0.368 J) and regions of the impact of the pendulum on the seed (upper, lower, tip and right cotyledon); resistance to mechanical damage of cultivars Aleppo, Kalifa and Cristalino, with different water contents (9, 11, 13 and 15%), in the regions where the pendulum impacted the seeds (tip, right cotyledon and upper back); and, a test of the effect of damage on seeds of the following sizes was undertaken: ≤ 7.0 mm; 7.1 to 7.5 mm; 7.6 to 8.0 mm; and ≥ 8.1 mm, in different regions of impact (tip and right cotyledon). Finally, in seeds from four lots, the weight of a thousand seeds and the imbibition curve of each lot were determined, in addition to the analysis of images of seeds and seedlings. In addition, the anatomy of the seed coat of a lot of each type of chickpea was carried out. In view of the above, it is recommended to carry out the iodine test at a concentration of 10% (from the commercial product with an iodine concentration equal to 2%) for 15 minutes, to measure the level of damage in grain seeds -billed.

In the context of sustainable agriculture, biological control has gained more and more supporters. The different forms of action of microorganisms favor them compared to chemicals in addition to the safety they represent for both human health and the environment. Microorganisms with plant growth promotion activity can act in different ways, solubilizing nutrients, controlling pathogens, producing plant hormones, mitigating biotic and abiotic stresses, among others, this results in better plant development or anticipates the seedlings going to the field. The objective of this work will be to select, identify and characterize strains with growth promotion activity, from the Bacillus spp. of Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology to obtain strains that add characteristics related to plant development and can be used as a biological inoculant or control of phytopathogens. For this, in vitro pairing assays were carried out with phytopathogenic fungi Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and Fusarium oxysporum, phosphate solubilization assays, production and quantification of indoleacetic acid (IAA) and growth under stress conditions. Eighteen strains were selected primarily on the basis of fungal pairing results. These strains were molecularly characterized by real-time PCR for the detection of genes related to lipopeptides (Bacillomycin D, Phengycin synthetase D, Bacilisin and Surfactin synthetase A) with antifungal characteristics and 4 strains by gas chromatography to identify volatile organic compounds with potential for inhibit fungal development. In 5 strains (50, 2784, 2785, 2788, 2791) all genes encoding the 4 aforementioned lipopeptides were detected. In 3 strains there is the occurrence of 3 lipopeptides (49, 206 and 2536). Bacillomycin was the compound that presented the highest occurrence of detection during this study. In a Seed Technology laboratory at the University of Brasília, 10 strains were used to treat Soybean, Chickpea, Wheat and Cotton seeds, in order to evaluate the effect of bacterial inoculation on the physiological quality of seeds of the aforementioned cultures. In addition, 3 strains that showed positive development under plate stress, salinity and temperature conditions were inoculated in soybean seeds subjected to different concentrations of NaCl (w/v) and the physiological quality was again verified. Among the 3 strains tested under salinity conditions in soybean seeds, two promoted better development of soybean seedlings while one was inferior to the control treatment under the conditions tested.

The use of sustainable technologies in agriculture is the challenge to be overcome in the coming decades, and although advances in agricultural production systems have improved, they have also demanded more inputs such as water and fertilizers. Thus, alternative inputs such as rock powder (RP) (remineralizer) and sewage sludge biochar (SSB) have been researched individually in various places, but there is a lack of studies on the interaction or synergy between them in terms of their effects on the morphological response of the sunflower crop and the chemical composition of the soil. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of combining different doses of RP from mica schist origin and SSB on the morphological aspects of the ornamental sunflower cv sunbright and on the chemical composition of the soil in two consecutive growing cycles in plastic pots containing 9 kg of Yellow Red Latosol, in order to analyses the residual effect of the nutrients. Cultivation was carried out at the University of Brasilia, Clean Water Farm, under a greenhouse covered with shade with 50% retention of sunlight and, underneath, 100 micros plastic film from 29 June to 10 September, the first cycle (C1) and from 13 October to 16 December, the second cycle (C2) of 2022. The experimental design was entirely randomized, in a 5 x 5 factorial scheme, with six replications, totaling 150 pots, sown directly into the soil. At the start of C1, SSB doses of 0% (0.0 t ha^-1), 2% (32.30 t ha^-1), 4% (64.60 t ha^-1), 6% (96.90 t ha^-1) and 8% (129.20 t ha^-1), v/v and PR doses of 0, 1, 3, 5 and 7 t ha^-1 were applied. In C2, SSB and RP were not replenished in order to assess the residual effect on the soil and responses in the morphological and quality attributes of sunflower flowers. Sunflower morphological variables were assessed: AP, NF, DC, LF, CF, DIC, DEC, NP, FFC, FSC, FFPA) e FSPA, MFR e MSR, AF, TCA e TCR and Flower Quality. he following chemical properties were evaluated in the soil: pH, MO, V, P Mehlich, H+Al, CTC, Ca, Mg, K; and estimated the ratios (H+Al)/CTC, Ca/Mg, Mg/CTC, Ca/CTC and K/CTC, at the beginning and end of the C1 and C2 crop cycles. It is concluded that: Doses 6 and 8% of BLE presented the highest values of morphological data of the ornamental sunflower cultivar Sunflower Sunbright. The variations between 0 and 8% of SSB in C1 were 129.21, 587.55, 133.06, 584.64, 510.42, 261.87, 316.00 and 126.09% for the LF variables, AF, DIC, FFC, FSC, FFA, MFR and MSR, respectively and in C2 of 120.35, 259.41, 1198.70, 620.00, 187.50,280.00 333.33 and 135.71% for the variables AF, DEC, FFC, FSC, FFA, FSA, MFR and MSR, respectively. While, in RP doses, the most important variations between 0 and 7 t ha-1 were due to the residual effect (C2), being 28.28, 22.69, 28.17, 37.68, 50.51, 42 ,42, 39.85, 27.62, 48.86% for NF, AP, DEC, DIC, FFC, FSC, FFA, FSA and MFR, respectively. The parameters that showed interaction between BLE and PR were DC, DEC and FFC in C1 and AP, DC, LF, AF, DEC, FFC, FSC, FFA, FSA, MFR and MSR in C2. Considering ACP, the attribute most influenced by the use of BLE was NF in C1 and DC and MSR in C2; when using PR, they went to LF and AP, both in C1 and C2. The chemical properties of the soil were within the ranges recommended by the literature for sunflower cultivation. The use of SSB increased the pH, H+Al, in the ratio of (H+Al)/CTC, MO, V, P, Ca+/Mg, Ca, K, Mg, Ca/Mg, CTC, K/CTC in the soil, and, reduces the levels of Mg/CTC and Ca/CTC. For the use of PR, the values of pH, H+Al, (H+Al)/CTC, P, K were reduced, while there was an increase in MO, Ca, and the ratios of K/CTC and Ca/CTC. BLE increased the soil CEC, released N, K and P into the soil solution, promoting greater nutrient absorption by the plant; RP reduced soil acidity. Regardless of the doses of BLE, the application of PR increased the values of pH, P, Ca/Mg, H+Al and (H+Al)/CTC. The interaction/synergy between the doses of BLE and PR favored the dissolution of the minerals present in the PR, most notably at doses of 5 and 7 t ha^-1. The PCA of the soil chemical composition, both using SSP and RP, in C1, had more effect on CEC, K, H+Al, Ca/Mg, Ca/CTC, K/CTC, Mg and pH ratios, while in C2 it occurs in the ratios of K/CTC, H+Al and K. SSB and RP are soil conditioners, which must be evaluated for a longer period of time after mixing with the soil to analyze the long-term residual effect.

In view of the growing technological advances in agriculture, added to the growing consumption of agricultural 

products and the need for new methods of controlling pests and diseases, the use and production of biological 

pesticides, together with the need to reduce chemical pesticides, the market for biological systems is today a 

great alternative to such questions. The use of spore-forming bacteria, plant growth promoters and highly

 effective in controlling agricultural pests has been of great value in agribusiness, with the increase in research 

and registration of new pesticides, the biological market has been shown to be effective and growing. 

 As a result, producers have sought to use differentiated production technologies with the intention of 

optimizing superior quality production combined with good productivity and reducing the use of chemical 

pesticides. The genus Bacillus is one of the most used in the biocontrol of plant diseases. They are microorganisms

 easily found in soils and plants, and they form heat and desiccation tolerant spores, which facilitates their stock 

and commercialization. The main mechanism of action of these organisms in the control of phytopathogens is 

the production of antimicrobial substances. However, the success of biocontrol as well as the increase in yield 

depends on the antagonist properties and mechanisms of action of the organism used, which can vary greatly, 

for example, nutrient competition, direct parasitism and production of secondary metabolites. Bacillus genus 

bacteria are of such importance that it is necessary to expand studies and research on these bacteria. Soil 

bacteria, specifically rhizospheric bacteria, can be effective in controlling diseases caused by phytopathogenic 

fungi (Oedjijono & Dragar, 1993; Andrade et al., 1998).

In Brazil, research efforts are being conducted to try to transform chickpeas into a viable commercial option for both the domestic and foreign markets. These efforts involve the selection and development of cultivars adapted to Brazilian conditions for planting during winter with irrigation supplementation. An alternative of interest would be to use chickpeas in the "safrinha" system and in rainfed plantings. However, only the development of cultivars with high levels of tolerance to water deficit would make the cultivation of chickpea in the safrinha system feasible. Estimates of tolerance levels to water stress require analyses of multiple morpho-agronomic parameters, especially under field conditions. In this context, the present work aimed to evaluate a collection of different chickpea accessions regarding yield-related aspects under imposed water deficit conditions. The field experiment was conducted in the experimental area of Embrapa horticulture – Federal District, in the period from March 2022 to August 2022. After the evaluations, the chickpea accessions were grouped according to different phenotypic classes, including tolerance and intolerance to water deficit, as well as plant architecture expressed by the presence of erect, semi-erect or prostrate leaf accessions. Although widely used, screening genetic materials for drought tolerance based solely on phenotype does not allow the necessary precision in selection due to the phenotypic plasticity inherent in plants. Currently, molecular markers genetically associated with traits of interest are essential to increase the accuracy of selection of superior plants in breeding programs. In chickpea, the development of DNA molecular markers was greatly favored after three complete genomes of Cicer arietinum were made available in the "Pulse Crop database". In this context, the objective of the laboratory analysis of the present work was to amplify via PCR and identify polymorphisms in candidate genes previously described in association with drought tolerance in the genome of six contrasting chickpea accessions evaluated and classified in the field experiment. Polymorphisms in one or more of the six contrasting chickpea accessions were observed in eleven genomic regions: SNF1-related protein kinase; aminoaldehyde dehydrogenase; abscisic acid stress and ripening - ASR; CAP2 (apetala 2) promoter; Dehydrin; Dehydrin responsive element binding protein; Cicer arietinum gene Erecta; Cicer arietinum Erecta Promoter; Sucrose phosphate synthase - SPS; Sucrose Synthase - SuSy and the Tiller angle control (TAC) gene. Unique polymorphisms were detected for different accessions and different phenotypic classes and can be exploited as molecular markers in segregating populations to validate the correlation with plant architecture phenotype and drought tolerance.

ABSTRACT

The use of technologies aimed at precision agriculture is currently more accessible and they are fundamental tools for managing and monitoring crops. Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is one of the most economically important crops in Brazil, in addition to being a legume rich in proteins, carbohydrates and amino acids. Considering this, the objective of the present work was to analyze the spectral-temporal behavior from images of the visible spectrum (RGB) coming from some unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV's) and from a satellite, the relationship between these indicators of vegetation of common bean from drone images compared to satellite images, it is necessary to evaluate the spatial variability of the results, to help the decision-making of the harvest phase, in response to the expectation of phenological gains, as well as the filling phase of the pods (R8) and of the irrigated bean crop (R9). The products generated in image processing are thematic maps of vegetation indices, namely the Green Leaf Index (GLI); Normalized Green-Red Difference Index (NGRDI); Atmosphere Resistance Index in the Visible Region (VARI) and Vegetative Region (VEG). In the normality tests at a statistical significance level of 5% for the satellite and drone datasets, both adopted the same behaviors, in all drone data they indicated normality budgets (p-value = 2.2e-16) and the satellite data followed the same behavior (p-value < 2.2e-16). With regard to the values of the root mean square error, the response of the values coming from the drone was equivalent to (y:0.42x+0.25; RMSE:0.2; R2:0.81) and the value of satellite is (y:0.12x+0.25; RMSE:0.04; R2:0.93). The model was applied to develop maps of vegetation indices appreciating the variability of the end of bean crop R8 and R9. These results highlight the great potential of using visible spectrum images from UAV and Sentinel-2 for harvest management due to the spatial variability of beans.

The health concern, driven by the Covid-19 pandemic, brought significant changes in the habits of the population, among these changes, the growth in the consumption of organic foods. The objective of this research was to evaluate the effect of the cabbage intercropping with condiment vegetables, under agroecological cultivation, on the agronomic performance of crops and management of the cruciferous moth. The experiment was carried out at Fazenda Água Limpa, University of Brasília. The experimental design was randomized blocks with seven treatments in four replications. The treatments were: cabbage monoculture, chive monoculture, coriander monoculture, double cabbage and chive intercropping, double cabbage and coriander intercropping, double intercropping of chives and coriander and triple intercropping of cabbage, chives and coriander. The plants were evaluated for commercial production (weight, height and head circumference), fresh and dry pasta. The infestation of the cruciferous moth was evaluated, indirectly, by counting the number of holes caused by the insect in the plant. Coriander and chives were evaluated for commercial production (leaf size, weight of packs, absence of yellowish or damaged leaves), fresh and dry pasta and plant height.

Mints are cultivated herbs of great importance for use as flavorings, in folk medicine in phytotherapy and as a condiment. Research on mint culture is plentiful worldwide. The aim of this work is to raise and analyze the contributions of researchers from the Federal DistrictBrazil on the genus Mentha in the period 1985-2021. The objective was to classify and quantify the various contributions of the research by thematic area and analyze the results achieved evaluating its relevance. A survey of bibliographic references, the analytical thematic classification of contributions was made, the level of visibility and the number of references found for each theme were determined. Advances in knowledge of the subject were analyzed and the impact of the various contributions was discussed. Seventy-seven references were found from research papers on Mentha culture involving researchers from the Federal District in this period. The most researched themes were: chemotypes, phytopathology, vegetative propagation and studies of external morphology. Data obtained are important for the knowledge of the potential of Mentha species cultivated in the Federal District- Brazil.

In Brazil, several traditional coffee research institutions have been carrying out work over the years with their germplasm banks (such as IAC, IAPAR, EPAMIG, INCAPER). For the Cerrado Central region, an improvement program is needed aimed at obtaining cultivars adapted to the irrigated cultivation system, which present characteristics such as high productive potential, high vigor, low production of defective grains, high efficiency in the use of water, resistance the attack of the main diseases and pests such as rust and miner and plant architecture suitable for mechanized harvesting. With the introduction of accessions from partner institutions, it becomes possible to verify the adaptability to the edaphoclimatic conditions of the region and to select genotypes with characteristics of interest.
At Embrapa Cerrados, in parallel with the Arabica coffee breeding program, work already exists to select and develop clones and hybrids of canephora coffee to be cultivated in the Cerrado region, based on introductions from the Conilon coffee breeding program developed by INCAPER and Embrapa Rondônia, introductions of the Robusta botanical variety from the Congo region, forming a work collection with more than 4000 genotypes.
Espírito Santo is a reference in technology and production of Conilon coffee and in recent years the state has faced problems with drought, causing losses to producers. During this period, twelve clones with greater tolerance to water deficit were selected, at low altitude, by the Capixaba Institute for Research, Technical Assistance and Rural Extension (Incaper), which together make up a cultivar named Marilândia ES 8143. This cultivar is classified as having high potential. of production, needing to be tested and evaluated in other growing regions such as the Central Cerrado.

The traceability of fruits and vegetables is a process that allows to identify and monitor the origin and paths taken by a given product along the production and distribution chain. This system is crucial for ensuring food safety, tracking quality and origin issues, and meeting specific regulations. The implementation of traceability involves the registration of the practices adopted in the production link, as well as identifications that map buyers and suppliers, so it is a responsibility of all links in the value chain.  Although it is a recommended practice, or even required in global markets, little is known about the adoption or not of the practice, as well as the challenges experienced for this. This study aimed to identify the practice of traceability, observing the challenges and opportunities of the tool for the value chain in Brazil, in order to validate it or not as a tool for sectoral structuring. To this end, a systematic literature review was built in two stages, followed by the study of secondary data provided by sectoral entity of agriculture and livestock in Brazil. The study returned some conclusions, among them, the essentiality of the tool for monitoring and food safety. In parallel, it has been that the technical assistance and guidance of the entities of the value chain is fundamental for the understanding of the tool, its benefits and overcoming challenges, such as perishability or incompatibility between the tools offered today. 

The Brazilian agriculture plays a crucial role in supplying food to the world, and the adoption of irrigation systems is essential for increasing productivity sustainably. One of the main challenges for expanding irrigated agriculture in Brazil is related to electrical infrastructure, whether due to lack of availability, low quality, or high cost. In this context, photovoltaic solar energy emerges as a financially viable option for expanding irrigated agriculture, reducing energy costs, and ensuring energy self-sufficiency. The work is divided into three chapters: the first covers the theoretical framework, the second consists of a literature review article on the main indices used for photovoltaic energy analysis in agriculture, and finally, an article on the financial feasibility analysis of using photovoltaic energy for central pivots in the State of Goiás. This study aims to evaluate the economic feasibility of implementing a set of central pivots using photovoltaic solar energy on a rural property. Analyses were conducted using Net Present Value, Internal Rate of Return, Modified Internal Rate of Return, and Equivalent Periodic Benefit. The choice of feasibility indices was based on findings from similar works published between 2018 and 2022 regarding photovoltaic energy in agriculture, and the Monte Carlo Method was used for risk analysis. In the third chapter, a study was conducted on the financial feasibility of using photovoltaic solar energy for central pivots in the state of Goiás. In addition to NPV, the use of thermal energy (diesel oil) and grid electricity was also analyzed. The present study concludes that the use of photovoltaic energy for central pivots is financially viable, with a net present value of R$ 8,036,286.51. It was observed that from the 4th year onwards, there is a reversal of cash flow from negative to positive, with NPV reaching R$ 1,078,308.61. The IRR and MIRR were 0.36% and 0.15%, respectively, lower than the TMA value of 12.75%, indicating that the project lacks financial attractiveness. After sensitivity analysis using the Monte Carlo Method and considering values with a probability of occurrence above 74%, the result was an NPV of R$ 11,175,081.61. At the end of the planning horizon, the BPE value was R$ 1,499,472.00, and the IRR and MIRR were 0.46% and 0.16%, respectively, making the investment project unattractive relative to the adopted TMA. Regarding other energy sources analyzed, all showed NPV greater than zero, with EFV yielding the best results, followed by grid electricity and diesel oil. The IRR proved equally unattractive for all scenarios, and the BPE followed the same trend for grid electricity and diesel oil.

The main objective was to evaluate the integration of sewage treatment in the root zone (SZR) and the dynamics of the nutrients present in the treated sewage effluent (EET) in the irrigation of ornamental sunflower, species (Helianthus annus L.), Sunbright. Referent to sewage treatment, the performance of a sewage treatment plant (ETE) is evaluated, installed at the Água Limpa Farm (FAL) at the University of Brasília (UnB), made up of three septic tanks (TS) in series as primary treatment, followed by three parallel subsurface flow SZR, filled with gravel #2, vegetated with aquatic species cattail (Typha spp) (SZRT), Brazilian papyrus (Cyperus giganteus) (SZRP) and water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes. ) and a non-cultivated system – control (SnC). After the SZR, the effluent was transferred to a 2000 L box where it was applied by drip irrigation. The experimental design for ornamental sunflower cultivation was completely randomized, in a 2 x 2 factorial scheme, with two types of irrigation water, stream water (Ac) and TSE and soil with and without fertilization, with 6 useful pots (pots useful ) of 11 L capacity, filled with Red Yellow Latosol (LVA). In the ETE, the physical, chemical and microbiological attributes of the raw sewage at the entrance of the first septic tank (TS), the affluent and the effluent of the SZR were quantified, obtaining the absorption of nutrients by the macrophytes. In sunflower cultivation, the following parameters were evaluated: plant height (AP) and stem diameter (DC) at 15, 25, 35, 55, 70 days after sowing (DAS) and at the R6 stage (final flowering). If also the number of leaves (NF), leaf area index (IAF), internal diameter of the capitulum (DIC), external diameter of the capitulum (DEC), number of petals in the capitulum (NP), days after harvest (DPC), Shoot fresh phytomass (FFPA), shoot dry phytomass (FSPA), capitulum fresh phytomass (FFC), capitulum dry phytomass (FSC), nutrient content in sunflower aerial part, principal component analysis (PCA) , nutrient input by TSE application and influence on soil chemical attributes. In the ETE, it was concluded that the phosphorus content reduced by 41% after going through three TS and increased in the effluent of the SnC and in all the SZR. Potassium, total iron and calcium decreased in the effluent compared to the influent in all SZR. On EET, turbidity showed a strong Pearson correlation with sodium (0.61) and sodium absorption ratio. In relation to the sunflower cultivation, it was concluded that the AP was higher in the EETCA treatment at 15, 25, 35 and 70 DAS and the DC at 15, 25 and 35 DAS in the EETCA treatment compared to the Ac treatment. The NF was higher in the EETCA treatment at 70 DAS and IAF at 15, 25, 55 and 70 DAS compared to the treatments irrigated with Ac. The DIC, DEC, NP, DPC, FFPA, FSPA, FFCA and FSCA, in the treatments irrigated with EET were higher in relation to Ac and fertilized higher in relation to the one without fertilization. The EETSA treatment was the one that most contributed with the main components in the absorption of P, K, S, B and Mn in the sunflower aerial part. The pH, Ca and K in the soil at the end of the experiment decreased in all treatments while P and Fe increased. Principal component analysis (PCA) shows that a small number of components (PC1 and PC2) were able to explain greater variability in the original data (76.24%) and, in the EETSA treatment, there was greater absorption of nutrients explained by PC1 and greater accumulation of Not observed in AcCA treatment explained in PC2. Phosphorus and potassium leaf contents were the ones that most correlated in the crop submitted to the EETSA treatment.

The Brazil nut is seen as one of the main extractive products of the Amazon, with great economic and social potential. One of the major concerns for product safety in the production chain is contamination by toxigenic fungi, especially the Aspergillus genus. Ozone has been used as an alternative to control aflatoxins in food. This gas stands out for its high oxidative potential and for its rapid decomposition into a non-toxic compound, oxygen. This decomposition process is accelerated when in contact with organic material. Thus, the objective was to evaluate the saturation process in a column containing Brazil nuts, possible changes in the quality of the product and the economic analysis, considering different scenarios for implementation in the food industry. The study was carried out in two stages. In the first stage, the saturation process in a column containing Brazil nuts and possible changes in the quality of the product were analyzed. The Brazil nut samples were placed in a cylindrical PVC column measuring 15 cm in diameter and 110 cm in height. Ozone concentrations of 2.5, 4.5, 9.0 and 14.0 mg L-1 and a flow rate of 3.0 L min-1 were adopted at a temperature of 25 ºC. Ozone gas was injected at the base of the cylindrical column and the values adopted for the height of the grain column were 0, 0.25, 0.50, and 0.75 m. Concentration time and saturation concentration were determined. In the evaluation of possible alterations in the quality of ozonized Brazil nuts, moisture, color and qualitative variables of the crude oil were determined, with exposure times of 0, 3, 6, 9 and 12 h. To evaluate the quality of the crude oil extracted from ozonized nuts, the content of free fatty acids, the peroxide value and the iodine value were analyzed. In the second stage of the study, the economic viability of ozonation systems was analyzed using combinations with two types of silo and two oxygen generators, simulating 4 scenarios that were compared with each other through an economic analysis based on the cash flow model. Net present value (NPV), time to return on capital (TRC) and internal rate of return (IRR) indices were applied during the analyses. For the simulation, an ozonation period of 24 h was considered with an oxygen flow rate of 3 L min-1 and an ozone concentration of 8.88 mg L-1. Furthermore, it was considered that 500 tonnes per year (100 batches of 5 tonnes) could be treated. The cost of implementing the technology and using the equipment and the indicators time of return on capital, net present value and internal rate of return were used. The investment value was calculated using the equipment deployment cost for each scenario in addition to the maintenance and depreciation cost. Current expenses took into account the price per kg of Brazil nuts sold wholesale, the price of oxygen cylinders, the cost of labor for handling the equipment, energy expenditure and maintenance costs of the equipment, the values were obtained from market research. An estimate of 1.3% loss of the total lot was used in case of non-implementation of the technology. It was possible to conclude that the height of the product column influences the time and the saturation concentration during the ozonation process. The use of ozone under the conditions adopted in the present study does not affect the quality of Brazil nuts. The financial indicators found in this work allowed us to conclude that the four scenarios for installing an ozonation system in the industry are profitable, regardless of the equipment used. The installation of an ozonation system for the sanitization and disinfection of Brazil nuts in the industry is feasible and profitable.

Coffea canephora is a species with high genetic variability and adaptability, widely cultivated in regions of low altitude and warmer climates. The introduction of this species to higher altitude regions in the central Brazilian Cerrado represents an opportunity for innovation and diversification in the coffee industry. Thus, genetic improvement of irrigated canephora coffee adapted to the Cerrado region, while maintaining quality, can bring significant benefits and innovation to the coffee industry in the region. The objective of this study was to characterize and estimate the genetic parameters of the elite collection of Conilon coffee from Embrapa Cerrados, cultivated under irrigated production systems. In the crop years 2019/20 and 2020/21, 43 genotypes were evaluated for morpho-agronomic characteristics such as productivity, plant height, number of nodes in plagiotropic branches, number of plagiotropic branches, length of internodes in orthotropic and plagiotropic branches, proportion of moka-type beans, and proportion of beans retained on sieve 16. Additionally, the levels of chlorogenic acid (5-CQA), caffeine, sucrose, citric acid, and trigonelline in the raw beans were assessed. The collection was established in November 2017, with each genotype represented by 1 to 10 plants (clones) grouped in the field without a specific design. Each plant served as a replication of the genotype. Therefore, it was not possible to obtain three measurements for all genotypes for the univariate analysis of variance. Some genotypes did not produce in consecutive years, which prevented the analysis of biochemical parameters. A joint analysis of variance was conducted using a split-plot design for the morpho-agronomic traits of 35 genotypes, and a separate analysis of variance was performed for the biochemical compounds in 18 genotypes using the same split-plot design. In both cases, the genotype was considered as the main plot effect and the year as the subplot effect. To evaluate all genotypes together, even those represented by only one plant, a multivariate cluster analysis was conducted for each crop year using all the evaluated characteristics. The formed clusters were then used as a source of variation for the non-parametric univariate Kruskal-Wallis analysis. Significant year effects were observed for all morpho-agronomic and biochemical characteristics. Genotype effects were significant for plant height, caffeine content, sucrose content, and trigonelline content. Furthermore, there was a significant genotype x year interaction for all morpho-agronomic characteristics and for the levels of 5-CQA, caffeine, and sucrose. Based on the cluster analysis, five distinct groups were identified for the 2019/20 crop year, differing significantly in most evaluated characteristics except 5-CQA. For the 2020/21 crop year, six distinct groups were identified, showing significant differences among them for all evaluated characteristics. The estimation of genetic parameters in the studied populations suggests favorable conditions for the selection of genotypes based on plant height and caffeine levels, leading to selection gains. There was a group variation in the evaluated characteristics between the two years, likely due to environmental variation. Genotypes L3.L16.P6 (22) and L4.L25.P123 (31) consistently stood out in both years, showing superior performance in several morpho-agronomic and quality characteristics. These genotypes demonstrate promise within the genetic improvement program for irrigated Conilon coffee in the Cerrado region.

Blueberry (Vaccinium spp.) cultivation has significantly grown in agricultural and economic importance worldwide in recent years. The consumption of blueberries is associated with various health benefits, and it is considered the fruit with the highest antioxidant content ever studied to date. However, with the development of new varieties with low chilling requirements, blueberry cultivation can be expanded to regions with less chilling hours incidence. In this context, this study aims to comprehensively evaluate the physiological, productive, and nutritional attributes, as well as the fruit quality of blueberry cultivation, specifically the 'Biloxi' variety (Vaccinium corymbosum), in response to different types and seasons of pruning in the Federal District. Analyses conducted include physiological and plant growth analyses, nutritional assessments of leaves and fruits, fruit production and quality, and quantification of the antioxidant capacity of blueberry fruits compared to cold storage duration. The study confirmed the feasibility of cultivating 'Biloxi' blueberry plants without the occurrence of chilling hours below 7.2 ºC throughout their cycle. Additionally, it demonstrated the possibility of harvesting fruits throughout all four seasons. Furthermore, winter drastic pruning resulted in higher productivity compared to the lung pruning technique. Autumn pruning led to fruits with increased antioxidant potential and higher total soluble solids content. 

With the increase in the world population and, consequently, in the demand for food, more recently, there has also been a general interest in sustainability and practices so that this increase in production does not cause irreversible damage to the environment. The use of biostimulants in agriculture can bring numerous benefits both for soil regeneration and for quality and quantity in the production of cultivated species. This work, in two chapters, aimed to observe the action of biostimulants based on efficient microorganisms and humic and fulvic acids in the development of the blueberry crop (Vaccinium corymbosum) Cv Biloxi and also in the biological health of the soil. The bioinputs applied were i: Brutal Plus Minhofértil; ii: Samurai King®; and iii: EM-1 ®, which were used in the following treatments: 1. Brutal Plus; 2. Samurai King; 3 IN 1; 4. Brutal Plus + Samurai King; 5. Brutal Plus + EM-1; 6. Samurai King + EM-1; 7. Brutal Plus + Samurai King + EM-1, in addition to the control treatment, without application, in this work treated as treatment 0. For continuous application on substrate, no significant difference was found between treatments for the first year data, regarding the variables related to the fruits, while in the plants the only variables in which no differences were observed were plant height and productivity. The treatment that stood out the most was treatment 6. In 2021, there was a difference in the average fruit mass and number of fruits per week, in addition to the fact that in plants there were no differences for the variables number of shoots, number of leaves and chlorophyll. The second year featured a highlight for treatment 7, with good performance also for treatment 1. In chapter 2, with plants grown in soil, there was only difference for the variable dry mass of the aerial part, where superiority was seen for treatment 1. After performing the BioAS, the best Fertibio SQIs were found for treatments 5 and 6, with greater action also of arylsulfatase and beta-glucosidase enzymes. The experiment showed a positive effect of the application of bioinputs, both for plants and for the soil, and future studies are interesting to determine the best doses and application methods.

Brazil has low storage efficiency and low investment in technologies to improve the post-harvest quality of stored grains. These facts contribute to quality losses and quantitative losses in corn storage and transport. Due to the damage caused by Sitophilus sp. and by other pests in corn and other stored grains, it is necessary to constantly use control measures, such as the use of protective and fumigant insecticides. In the storage sector, the ozone application technology has been highlighted in recent years, being pointed out in the main national and international journals and congresses in the area as one of the main alternatives for the protection of stored grains. The objective of the present study was to evaluate ozone gas as a new technology for phytosanitary treatment of bagged corn grains, verifying its efficiency, practicality and total treatment time. The experiments were carried out at the Laboratory of Pre-Processing and Storage of Agricultural Products and at the Laboratory of Food Analysis, located at the Faculty of Agronomy and Veterinary Medicine (FAV), University of Brasília (UnB), Brasília, Distrito Federal. The experiment was carried out in a completely randomized design, in the first stage the effects of ozonation were evaluated directly on the adults of Sitophilus sp. using 8 treatments (0, 10, 20, 40, 50, 60, 80 and 120 min of exposure to an ozone inlet concentration of 1800 ppm with a flow rate of 4 L min-1) and with three replications. In the second stage, the evaluation of the effects of ozonation was carried out with the adults of Sitophilus sp. in the mass of bagged corn grains, and in the evaluation of possible changes in the physical, chemical and physiological quality of the bagged corn grains, for this, 10 treatments were used (0, 10, 20, 40, 50, 60, 80, 120, 180 and 240 min of exposure to an ozone inlet concentration of 1800 ppm with a flow rate of 4 L min-1) and with three replications. Direct ozonation was able to increase the corrected mortality of Sitophilus sp. on all evaluation days after the insect ozonation process. However, this mortality was more intensified on days 9 and 15 after ozonation, as an ozonation time of up to 20 min was able to reach 100% of the corrected insect mortality. When the corrected mortality of adults of Sitophilus sp. in the mass of bagged corn grains subjected to ozonation for up to 240 min, negative values were observed, because the mortality was higher in the control treatments, where there was no ozone treatment. One of the hypotheses for this to have happened is in relation to the insecticide residue in the bagged corn grains, since ozone gas has the potential to degrade macromolecules such as pesticide residues. Despite the high oxidative power of ozone, the results of the present study show that the ozonation process of corn grains does not significantly affect its proximate composition, as well as it did not affect the physiological aspects. Ozone was able to control adults of Sitophilus sp. in direct application, but this potential was not able to be evaluated in the control of insects in the mass of corn grains, requiring further studies with longer exposure times.

Phosphorus (P) is one of the most limiting and modulating elements of yield and profitability of annual agricultural crops grown in the Brazilian Cerrado, as its use is linked to a finite and non-renewable resource, with a high cost for growers. In addition, when phosphate fertilizers are applied to highly weathered soils, intense sorption of P by the solid phase may lead to low use efficiency by plants. Therefore, the objective of this work was to evaluate the effects of soil management and phosphate fertilization strategies on yields and profitability of a long-term soybean and corn rotation cultivated in an Oxisol of the Brazilian Cerrado with adequate initial P levels. The distribution of inorganic and organic P fractions and acid phosphatase activity in the soil were also assessed. The experiment was implemented in 1999/2000 and was cultivated for 22 years, until 2021 at Embrapa Cerrados, Planaltina-DF, where a rotation of soybean (Glycine max L.) and corn (Zea mays L. ) as main crops, and cover crops in the winter were combined with different soil managements and phosphate fertilization strategies: conventional tillage with millet (Pennisetum glaucum L.) as cover crop (SPC); no-tillage system with millet as cover crop (SPD mil); no-tillage system with leguminous species (Arachis pintoi, Mucuna aterrima and Crotalaria spectabilis) as cover crop (SPD leg); Within these systems, considered as the main plots, a triple factorial was established with triple superphosphate (SFT) or Gafsa reactive natural phosphate (FNR) as P source, which were broadcast applied to the soil surface or placed at the sowing furrow at a P rate of 22 or 44 kg total P ha- 1. Based on yield time-series, it was possible to observe that there was no main effects of P application modes and of the evaluated soil management systems. There were significant interactions between systems and P rates only for corn (p<0.05). Soybean did not show yield reductions when the lowest rate and/or when the source of lower solubility was applied, especially in the first five crops evaluated. On the other hand, corn yield was reduced with this low P rate, mainly in the SPC in relation to the SPD mil, with a reduction of 600 kg ha-1. When FNR was applied, there was a reduction in corn yields only in the last crops of all evaluated systems. Regarding the profitability of the treatments in relation to a reference, the highest frequencies of losses occurred in the SPC and with the FNR at the P rate of 22 kg ha-1, mainly when corn was cultivated, while the lowest percentages of loss frequencies were observed, in general, in the SPD mil, and with the FNR at a rate of 44 kg of P ha-1 in all systems. Considering the P inputs and outputs balance, it was possible to calculate residual P stocks and use efficiency. P rate was the main modulator, with 22 kg of P ha-1 showing the lowest residual P stocks (-31 and -104 kg of P ha-1) and the highest use efficiency values (111 to 145%). Soil management systems were the main factors influencing the distribution of all P fractions along the soil profile, and in general, the SPC in the 0-5 and 5-10 cm layers, the application of FNR and the rate of 22 kg of P ha-1 resulted in the lowest contents of the evaluated fractions. There was little effect of management strategies on organic fractions, residual P, total P and acid phosphatase activity. It is feasible, therefore, to reduce P fertilization and replace it with a source of lower solubility for soybean crops cultivated in a soil with adequate P contents, while for corn it is not recommended to reduce rates, but P source might be replaced by lower solubility options once in a while, provided that it is applied at the recommended rate. High P use efficiencies can be achieved when P rates are less than the amount removed by crop harvests, leading to a decrease in P stocks present in the soil. However, yield reductions can be observed in crops that absorb and offtake large amounts of P due to high amounts of grain produced, such as corn. Conservation systems such as SPD, use of soluble fertilizers and high P rates are capable of promoting higher levels of most P fractions, especially in the surface layers, and this resulted in improved yields considering aspects related to the management of phosphate fertilization. On the other hand, residual P, total P and acid phosphatase activity were not sensitive to fertilization management strategies, which were more affected by soil management systems.

Basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) is cultivated worldwide, due to the diversity of use in natura or by the food, cosmetic, medicinal/phytotherapic industries. The implementation can also be indicated in landscape projects, due to the demand for productive gardens in recent times. Despite this, most of the production of basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) comes from family farming, which is composed of small and medium producers. To leverage the production, factors that influence the vegetative development need to be studied for the best conduction in the field and with that, favor better economy in the application of inputs and consequently, increase the income of the producer. Therefore, studies like this are important for the formulation of technical manuals. The general objective of this study was to evaluate the agronomic performance and ornamental potential of basil grown in the field with different densities, foliar fertilization, cutting heights in the Federal District. This study was carried out in the experimental area of Fazenda Água Limpa (FAL) of the University of Brasília (UnB), Brasília - DF, in the years 2020 and 2021 with the collaboration of farm employees, undergraduate agronomy students and university professors. Therefore, two densifications were evaluated (A1 - one plant per hole; A2 - two plants per hole), four forms of foliar fertilization (AF1-control-water; AF2- Bio Bokashi Líquido - Oficina Orgânica®; AF3- Alquifishi Mel - Oficina Orgânica®; A4- Mineral foliar fertilizer – Forth Hortaliças®), two types of pruning (P1- pruning at 30 cm from the ground; P2- pruning at 40 cm from the ground), with four replications. In addition to the phenotypic characteristics for the evaluation of ornamental potential. However, the cultivation with one plant per hole provides greater economy, the mineral fertilizer promoted the highest values of fresh and dry mass of the aerial part at the cut of 30 cm for the basil crop. In addition, for broadleaf basil, the mineral fertilizer contributed to the highest number of inflorescences and for thin leaf, the highest crown diameter and number of leaves. Basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) has ornamental potential due to its favorable phenotype characteristics for production.

The search for sustainability focused on bio-based industries and businesses, which respond to the aspirations of an agriculture that increasingly demands safe, clean, and low environmental impact products and processes, has been gaining market throughout the world. Biological products developed from living organisms have become important components in the evolution of a systemic, integrated, and sustainable agriculture. Knowing the biological material to be multiplied, whether for a commercial product or for an “on farm” product is of paramount importance, as it guarantees the quality of the product produced. Thus, the correct and precise identification of these biological agents is essential to avoid contaminants, whether performed by classical techniques, such as morphological and biochemical characteristics, or by sophisticated methods, such as NGS genetic sequencing and/or qPCR. Thus, the general objective of this work was to identify and characterize 37 candidate strains for reference belonging to the genera Bacillus, Lysinibacillus, Priestia and Brevibacillus, potentially pathogenic to pests and diseases of agricultural interest, by morphological, biochemical, and molecular methods. To carry out the work, all strains were taken from the Invertebrate Bacteria Collection of Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology. Thus, initially 21 strains were sequenced, in which it was possible to identify species such as Bacillus thuringiensis, B. cereus, B. mycoides, B. tropicus, B. paranthracis, B. subtilis, B. amyloliquefaciens, B. velezensis, B. licheniformis, B. pumilus, B. spizizenii, Priestia megaterium, Priestia aryabhattai, Lysinibacillus capsici and Brevibacillus laterosporus. In addition, virulence genes and genes encoding siderophores and lipopeptides were detected in the genome of these strains. Based on the DNA sequences of the sequenced strains, as well as on the DNA sequences of species included in the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), 29 bacterial species related to the genera Bacillus, Lysinibacillus, Priestia, Brevibacillus and Paenibacillus were selected for the development of primers intended for bacterial identification by Real Time-PCR. Of the 29 primers developed, 20 were successful. Thus, they were used to identify 600 strains, also acquired from the Invertebrate Bacteria Collection, as a way of validating the method. Thus, 458 strains were accurately identified, 80% of the species belonging to the B. cereus sensu lato group. The morphological characterization of the 37 strains was also carried out, following the principles of Bergy's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology. By this method, it was verified that the strains presented heterogeneous morphological and cytomorphological characteristics. In the biochemical characterization by antimicrobial resistance profiles, disk diffusion and agar dilution methods with different types of antibiotics and concentrations were adopted. The antimicrobial resistance test indicated that 95% of Bacillus spp., Lysinibacillus spp., Priestia spp. and Brevibacillus spp. were resistant to at least one or more of the 23 antibiotics tested, whether they belong to a similar pharmacological class or to different chemical groups. All strains belonging to the B. cereus s.l group were resistant to β-lactam antibiotics. Also, for the biochemical characterization of the 37 strains, they were identified by mass spectrometry - MALDI TOF, however, only one strain was 100% identified at the genus and species level when using the database available in the MALDI- Biotyper®. Thus, a second identification test was carried out with a complementary database, fed by the spectrometric profiles of the 37 strains under study. The confrontation of profiles resulted in the identification of 19 strains, with a score greater than 2.3 in at least two independent cultures. For 18 strains it was not possible to determine a viable identification. And in the remaining 10 cases there was no identification of the species. In addition, the toxic potential of 37 strains to insects of the orders Lepidoptera (Spodoptera frugiperda, Helicoverpa armigera, Chrysodeixis includens), Coleoptera (Anthonomus grandis), Diptera (Aedes aegypti) and Hemiptera (Euschistus heros), and to the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans was evaluated. The antagonistic action of these strains against the phytopathogens F. oxysporum f. sp. vasinfectum and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and phosphorus solubilization. The results indicated that there was a diversity of pathogenic species to insects of the order Lepidoptera, including B. thuringiensis and B. amyloliquefaciens, with a mortality rate ≥ 80%. The species of B. atrophaeus was pathogenic to the nematode C. elegans (85%). The species Priestia aryabhattai reduced the survival of E. heros by 77%. And a strain of B. subtilis (S2790) caused 100% of the mortality of A. grandis. Furthermore, the species belonging to the group B. subtilis s.l. were considered excellent biological agents for the exploitation of biofertilizers, bioinsecticides and fungicides, due to the genes encoding secondary metabolites detected in their genomes, which acted in the pathogenicity of these strains. It is concluded that the results of this study indicate that the characterization of these bacterial species must be done by two or more identification methods. Furthermore, the results obtained in this study prospect biocontrol agents and broad spectrum biofertilizers for an ecologically correct, economic, and sustainable agriculture.

The study of crops’ intercropping has been increasingly carried out to contribute to the generation of knowledge aimed at family farming. This research aimed to evaluate the intercropping of cassava, beans and corn under different arrangements and source of fertilization in agroforestry system. The experiment was carried out at Fazenda Água Limpa-UnB, in two summer harvests. The experimental design was randomized blocks with twelve treatments in three replications. The treatments were: cassava monoculture with and without organic fertilization (bokashi or bovine manure); Cassava and corn intercropping, with and without organic fertilization; Cassava consortium with beans, with and without organic fertilization; Triple intercropping, with and without organic fertilization. Crop yield was evaluated. The data were submitted to variance analysis and comparison of means. It was observed that corn was not affected by the intercropping arrangements, presenting results, both of green corn and grain, similar among intercropping arrangements. The bean crop was affected by the triple intercropping, presenting satisfactory results when in a double intercropping with cassava. In the case of cassava, considered the main crop, the best results were observed in monoculture under bokashi fertilization. However, this result did not differ from that observed in monoculture with bovine manure but was superior to the data observed in the plots where cassava was in triple intercropping with or without fertilization.  Under double intercropping with beans or corn, cassava yield was similar to those of cassava monoculture.