The object of this dissertation is to research the public policy agenda for sport in Bahia, specifically in the Sertão Produtivo Identity Territory, from 2010 onwards. Its general aim is to identify and analyse the government agenda (organisational and legal structure, content, and priorities) of the municipal executives in the territory. In this way, its specific objectives seek to: a) contextualise the state of Bahia and especially the Sertão Produtivo Identity Territory from various aspects and indicators; b) map the organisational and legislative structure for sports policy in the state of Bahia and also in the municipalities that make up this territory; and c) identify and discuss the government agenda - actions and projects/programmes - for sport of the municipal executives of the Sertão Produtivo. For this task, we used theoretical research - a narrative literature review - and documentary research. The results show, firstly, that Bahia is a diverse, plural, and complex state, with significant economic, social and cultural challenges. Territorially cut out and marked by socio-economic inequality, Bahia lacks public policies that meet the demands of its people, but also focus on the possibilities for the socio-cultural and economic development of its population. The challenge, which affects everyone, begins with resolving its precarious infrastructure, including in the Productive Hinterland. Secondly, we point to important advances in the structuring/organisation of sport in the state in recent years. An example of this was the creation of the Bahia Sports and Leisure System and also the State Sports Council, which, although important, lacks the participation of grassroots sectors. In the field of challenges, the study also points to the necessary democratisation of sport beyond the metropolitan regions. Thirdly, we present the guidelines that have shaped the government agenda of municipal executives in recent years. This agenda prioritised actions such as: building, maintaining and restoring sports facilities; managing sport at municipal level; promoting and supporting amateur sporting events; encouraging sport for participation and social inclusion; encouraging educational/school sport; encouraging new sporting practices (sport in nature and adventure sport); and encouraging para-sport. Of these, the first two were frequent in the PPAs analysed and therefore a priority in the Territory of Identity studied. With this, we can say that there is a lack of organisation and definition in the government's agenda with regard to public sports policies in the municipalities surveyed and that the challenge is one of political coordination, a role that nevertheless falls to the state executive.

When children play, their bodies communicate with the world and in this perspective it is necessary to understand the social representations that are addressed about gender in school, play and interactions with peers. Play and drawing are typical activities of children, in which childhood, as a permanent generational category, views children as actors and social actresses with agency and protagonism. The objective of the work was to understand the representations of gender evidenced in the drawings about games of the collection of the group Imagem. The theoretical framework, in the light of the Sociology of Childhood, expresses the elements necessary to identify plural beings who play, draw, but who must speak, expose desires and questions. Given these notes, from an inventory of the collection of children’s drawings of the Imagem group, with a total of 27 academic works, semi-structured interviews and approximately 2,500 drawings of children from different times and spaces, 3 researches were carried out with the theme of favorite games and their variations. Therefore, children’s games were described and analyzed, categorized into traditional, sports and media. From the drawings, it is observed that the pikes are preferred by boys and girls, in sequence there is a majority preference of boys for football, while the girls are in dance. However, traditional games such as pikes and jump-rope, enhance an integrated play of girls and boys, without segregation and gender exclusion. Thus, the drawings of traditional games illustrate the experience of conviviality between boys and girls, which can contribute to avoid the heteronormativity imposed from childhood.

Introduction: The pandemic caused by COVID-19 has resulted in restrictions worldwide. Among the consequences, the level of physical activity has decreased, causing a negative impact on physical and mental health. Additionally, the adaptations in higher education have contributed to a considerable increase in psychological disorders among university students. As a protective factor and to promote a better quality of life, it is recommended to maintain a regular physical activity practice. Among sports modalities, swimming is widely recommended for its effects on cardiorespiratory and cognitive capacity, as well as for stimulating the release of dopamine, leading to a sense of well-being, alleviating stress, and combating depression and anxiety. Objective: To verify the effects of 12 weeks of swimming classes on physical fitness parameters, quality of life, and symptoms of anxiety, stress, and depression among university students after the COVID-19 pandemic period. Methodology: The sample consisted of 2 groups, namely the Control Group (CG) with 42 members and the Swimming Group (SG) with 58, enrolled in Sports Practices courses offered by the Physical Education College of the University of Brasília (UNB) in the 2nd semester of 2021. The university students responded to questionnaires on physical activity level (IPAQ), quality of life (SF-36), and symptoms of anxiety, stress, and depression (DASS-21). Then, they underwent physical fitness tests to assess cardiorespiratory capacity (shuttle run test, Léger), muscular strength (handgrip strength), flexibility (sit and reach), lower limb strength (standing long jump), and muscular endurance (maximum push-ups and sit-ups in one minute), before and after the intervention. The intervention lasted for 12 weeks with 50-minute classes held twice a week. After this period, new questionnaires were administered, and physical fitness tests were conducted again. Results: The prevalence of anxiety, for the normal classification, showed a significant interaction (p = 0.039), with a trend towards an increase in the prevalence of people with normal anxiety levels in the SG from 36% pre-intervention to 56% post-intervention, which was not significant according to the post hoc test (p = 0.061). The CG maintained its normal anxiety prevalences unchanged (p = 0.320). A significant interaction (p = 0.045) was also found for normal stress classification. The post hoc test showed that the trend of increased prevalence in the SG at the pre-intervention time with 33% of participants with normal stress and ended at the post-intervention time with 58%, which characterized a significant increase (p = 0.045), while there was no statistical change in the CG (p = 0.871). Significant differences in means were found in the QoL domains "Functional Capacity," "Physical Aspects," and "Overall QoL," and in the physical fitness variables "Weight," "Handgrip Strength," and "Jump." The variables "Abdominal Endurance" and "Flexibility" were the only ones that changed over time, when the pre and post moments of the SG and CG were combined, the SG started the intervention with lower means than the CG. In the normal anxiety classification, the trend of increased prevalence of people in the SG was from 36% pre-intervention to 56% post-intervention. In normal stress, the prevalence increase of the SG showed 33% of participants with normal stress at the pre-intervention time and 58% of participants in this classification at the post-intervention time. In the weak classification of the abdominal endurance variable, the SG started the pre-intervention time with 38% of participants with the weak classification and finished the intervention with 12%. Conclusion: The intervention was able to promote changes in the classification of anxiety and stress symptoms, that is, the number of participants who finished the intervention classified with normal anxiety and stress was higher than when they started. In physical fitness, the intervention was able to change the classification of muscular endurance, i.e., in the abdominal endurance variable, the SG finished swimming classes with more participants classified as "medium" endurance and fewer participants classified as "weak". Swimming classes were effective in promoting positive changes in anxiety and stress symptoms, as well as in improving muscular endurance of the university students participating in the study.

Introduction: The SARS-CoV-2 virus has tropism for the respiratory system and therefore its impacts on this system are extensively studied. However, many advances are being related to damage to other organs, such as the male reproductive system, where the degree of injury is closely related to the severity of the disease. When the virus affects the testicular region, the place becomes a reservoir for the Sars-Cov-2 virus, which can lead to the development of tissue damage. Injuries to the structures that make up the testicles can directly influence testosterone production. In the context of COVID-19, many patients have experienced reduced testosterone, inflammation and loss of muscle tissue, leading to post-infection muscle weakness. However, the reduction in lean mass, strength and testosterone in the months following infection is still poorly understood. Therefore, studying the association between Covid diagnosis and testosterone levels, as well as strength and body composition in men, is essential. Objective: to analyze lean mass, muscle strength, body fat and testosterone concentration in men up to 45 years of age with and without a history of positive diagnosis for COVID-19. Methods: The study is cross-sectional in nature. The sample consisted of 46 men aged up to 45 years with (n=36) and without (n=10) a positive diagnosis for Covid-19. Body composition was analyzed by densitometry (DXA). Muscle strength was assessed with the handgrip test. Testosterone blood concentration was performed in a laboratory outside the university with 30 of the 46 participants. Statistical analysis was performed using the SPSS statistical package (version 25.0). The volunteers were stratified into comparison groups: 1. Without diagnosis and 2. with a positive diagnosis for covid-19; as well as 3. Mild symptoms, and 4. Moderate/severe symptoms. Comparison between groups was performed using the Mann-Whitney U test. Association between the diagnosis and the median (above or below) of the dependent variables was performed using Pearson's chi-square test with Yates' correction when necessary. Odds ratios were calculated when relevant. Results: There was no significant association between the presence of a positive diagnosis and the dependent variables (testosterone, strength, muscle mass and body fat). Volunteers with a positive diagnosis were significantly older (29.7 ± 7.9 vs. 22.8 ± 5.4 years). The severity of symptoms was associated with visceral fat (χ2 with Yates correction = 4.20, p = 0.04), so that 78.6% of volunteers who presented moderate/severe symptoms were above the median amount of fat. A trend towards significance was observed when comparing BMI (p = 0.08) and visceral fat (p = 0.09) between the mild symptoms vs. mild symptom groups. Moderate/severe symptoms (BMI: 24.6 ± 4.8 vs 26.9 ± 5.6 kg/m2; Visceral fat: 10.0 ± 7.2 vs 13.6 ± 7.7 kg), respectively. Conclusion: The severity of Covid-19 symptoms is associated with visceral fat, but does not influence the strength, lean mass and testosterone of individuals who have recovered from the disease for at least 12 months. 

The objective of this thesis was to understand how György Lukács’ aesthetic studies contribute to the debate that Physical Education has been carrying out on aesthetics. In this direction we systematize the central categories of Lukács’ aesthetic studies – particularity, mimesis, catharsis, every life, aesthetic reflection – to understand the educational character of artistic objectifications in evoking genuine human feelings and providing knowledge about life. Next, we analyze the production of konwledge that Physical Education develops about aesthetics. And we built mediations os the discussion of Lukács’ aesthetic studies with Brazilian Physical Education. This was a theoretical work that used the bibliographics research technique. As a result os first approximations, we point out that Lukács’ aesthetic studies presente critical contributions to the debate on aesthetics in Physical Education, which área should be concerned with: a) the development of self-awareness of the human race; b) the elevation of subjectivity developed in everyday life; c) omnilateral training; d) the education of the human senses through the body and the construction of spaces for appreciation and enjoyment; e) the logical-historical method of knowledge with na emphasis on particularity; f) the construction of spaces to affirm the creative capacity of human beings. And that Lukács’ ontological-genetic method could be a tool for studying the genesis and structure of each elemento of body culture, in the sense of allowing na approach to its particularities and the knowledge accumulated by humanity. In addition to enabling deeper insights into the objects of Physical Education studies in order to be problematized based on the problematic cycle of the pleasant, bringing body culture close to the debate on aesthetic and pseudo-aesthetic objets discussed by Lukács, to locate what are the manifestations and forms of the elements of body culture that allows subjetcs to overcome their private singularity through the effect of catharsis, or even, those that are linked only to the sphere os the pleasant, with the aim of contributing to the fight against aliention.

This research aims to carry out an interpretative investigation into the reality of dance in  park schools, characterizing it as qualitative research. For a more comprehensive  understanding of dance at school nationwide, a systematic review of theses and  dissertations published between 2015 and 2020 was carried out. The results showed that  there is a multipurpose approach to aspects that are considered essential by teachers,  demonstrating that the curriculum, itself, has little influence on dance pedagogical  practices. We then present a summary of the general laws that govern dance in the  national curriculum and in Brasília/DF. Currently, Brasília has 8 park schools, 5 in the  Plano Piloto and 3 in other Administrative Regions of the DF. Upon entering the field  visiting the schools, we found that the way in which dance is offered in park schools is  not defined in a standardized way. The park schools have carried out their dance activities  according to the internal organization of each school institution. We observed that the  responsibility for developing dance pedagogical practices at school has been the  responsibility of art. Physical education or dance teachers, and teachers with a degree in  dance, working directly with this discipline, are still a minority in the reality of park  schools. We concluded that it is necessary there be understanding, the school culture, of  the importance of this subject, as well as for the holding of public server admission exam  in this area to be expanded. Among the park-schools that develop dance projects, three  were defined in which the investigation was in-depth, the projects of Escola Parque 308  Sul, Escola Parque 314 Sul and Escola Parque Anísio Teixeira da Ceilândia. We  conducted interviews with 7 active dance teachers from these schools. We concluded that  in schools that have dance as a project/workshop/discipline, it has significantly  transformed the lives of their students and expanded the conception of the importance of  dance within the curriculum and pedagogical practices for the entire school community.

The present dissertation presents possibilities for applying aesthetic education and the education of the senses as resources for the development of omnilateral training and critical awareness. In Marx, the concept of omnilaterality appears in the Paris manuscripts as an opposition to the unilaterality imposed by the capitalist production model on human development. The term derives from the German adjective allseitig and can be translated as “polymorphic”, “universal”, “complete”, “general”, it can also be associated with the word allseits which means from all sides, fully. Aesthetics, from a Marxist perspective, is presented as the  fundamental category for human development and, therefore, for sensitivity, critical sense and understanding of reality. In this sense, we seek here to correlate the development of artistic sensitivity with the training process for human emancipation. Physical education classes – which have their specificity anchored in body culture – can be an important stimulus to sensitive, critical, humanistic and socially oriented human formation for the construction of a just and egalitarian society, since they have the possibility of contributing to an education of the human senses.

The general objective of the research is to identify and analyze the academic works related to Physical Education at school for children, produced within the scope of Postgraduate Programs in Physical Education (PPGEF) of public Higher Education Institutions (HEIs) in Brazil, in the period between 2001 and 2021. A quali-quanti approach was used, supported by the methodology of content analysis, through a systematic online search in the institutional repositories of the 33 PPGEF linked to Brazilian public HEIs regarding the theme Physical Education for students. kids. Considering this 20-year journey, as a result, it was found that, in the volume of 6519 academic works, 235 of them addressed the subject Physical Education for children, being 30 doctoral theses and 205 master's dissertations. The South region (114) of Brazil stood out with more productions on the subject, followed by the Southeast region (93). The Midwest (21) and Northeast (7) regions had the lowest rates of papers on the topic addressed. Until then, there was no record of research with and about children in the Brazilian academic production related to school Physical Education in the North region of the country. The analysis of the theoretical-methodological dimension of the 235 works demonstrates a predominance of the sub-area of biodynamics, followed by works from the pedagogical sub-area and, to a lesser extent, the socio-cultural sub-area. From the point of view of the 30 theses, it was characterized according to the research object in four main themes: Motor Behavior; Educational policies and curriculum; Pedagogical practice of Physical Education; and, Children's cultures. As reflections, it was observed that, little by little, attention has been gained to the particularities and details of research with children, seeking support and theoretical-methodological references that may be assumptions for new ways of thinking about research at school, revealing the urgency to continue to consider research with children. It is inferred from these theses located a theoretical-methodological maturation of Physical Education research in the field of Sociology of Childhood. In addition to presenting itself as a growing critical interest in childhood and Physical Education at school.

Lower limb amputation represents a major challenge for public health policies in several countries around the world, in Brazil about 25,000 people undergo limb amputation every year. After an amputation procedure and a period of rehabilitation, patient satisfaction with their prosthesis is critical to increasing mobility, frequency of use and decreasing rejection. Thus, in order to create an instrument that assesses satisfaction with the prosthesis, the Satisfaction Questionnaire of the Amputee with their Prosthesis (SAT-PRO) was developed to specifically assess the satisfaction with the prosthesis in the elderly population and through the variables of psychometric properties, to assess their reliability and validity. Based on this premise, two studies were prepared. The first study will aim to systematically review the psychometric capabilities that assess satisfaction with the prosthesis. Eligibility criteria will be: uni and bilateral amputation, both sexes, age over 18 years and using the prosthesis. Original, observational and experimental studies were included. The following databases will be used for the search strategies: PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus (Elsevier) and PsycINFO. The selection of studies and data extraction will take place through the reviewers who independently evaluated the articles. The second article, of an empirical, methodological nature, in a transversal approach and will aim to analyze the psychometric properties of the SAT-PRO/Br. The study sample will be composed of elderly people over 60 years old, with unilateral transtibial or transfemoral amputation, who will be selected through specialized institutions to support people with disabilities. To describe the sample, the demographic data sheet will be used, in addition to the SAT-PRO/Br and the Trinity Amputation and Prosthesis Experience Scales - Revised (TAPES-R). Thus, for the application of the questionnaire and the test-retest, it will be carried out through the face-to-face format or by phone call.

Faced with a global pandemic, the main strategy adopted at the beginning was social isolation and the need for physical distancing from the population, especially for populations considered at risk, to which individuals diagnosed with Parkinson's disease (PD) were included. These, therefore, drastically reduced their physical exercise practices, considerably worsening their quality of life and increasing the levels of fatigue to perform activities of daily living. Objective: To verify whether levels of physical activity and quality of life can predict fatigue in individuals with Parkinson's disease, during social isolation in the Covid-19 pandemic. Methods: The study included 65 individuals with PD who answered questionnaires sent electronically through applications. They were evaluated using the quality of life questionnaire (PDQ-39), the level of physical activity using the Baecke questionnaire for the elderly and using the fatigue severity scale. Results: 46 individuals had fatigue (70.8%), sedentary lifestyle affected (56.9%) of the 65 participants. Only the quality of life score was able to predict fatigue (R = 0.684, adjusted R² = 0.460). Conclusion: Despite the level of physical activity demonstrating that more than half of the studied population was sedentary, only quality of life proved to be a predictor of fatigue in individuals with PD during the period of physical distancing.

Vertical jump assessment is crucial in the field of sports and physical conditioning, as it allows the evaluation of parameters such as lower limb power, training effects, and muscle fatigue. Mobile apps can accurately and reliably measure jump height from slow-motion captured videos. However, these apps require a manual identification of the take-off and landing frames, which can be time-consuming and susceptible to human error. This study aimed to develop a novel method for automatically estimating jump height from the sound produced, using audio processing techniques. The concurrent validity of the audio method (A) was investigated compared to jump height estimates from a force platform, applying the flight time (FT) and impulse-momentum (J) methods, considered the "gold standard". Fifty participants (26 ± 9 years) jumped onto a force platform (criterion method) while a mobile phone recorded the jump sound. A custom interface was developed for collecting and processing force platform signals. Validity was determined by regression analysis, Pearson correlation coefficient (r), and standard error of estimate (SEE). Near-perfect correlations were found between the audio and FT (r = 0.99, SEE = 1.4 cm) and J (r = 0.96, SEE = 2.2 cm) methods. The results show that jump height can be measured accurately and quickly from an audio recording using an automated mobile app. This method was implemented in a mobile app (Jumpo 2), made freely available on Android and IOS platforms.

Modifications in small sided games (SSGs) configurations have garnered significant attention in sports training research. These alterations allow for the simultaneous promotion of technical, tactical, and physical training, as well as increased player engagement and motivation, underscoring the viability of this training means. Nevertheless, few studies have dedicated themselves to investigating the impacts of temporal constraints on attack time in basketball SSGs. These inquiries have predominantly focused on the analysis of technical, physical, and physiological variables. Remarkably, to date, no study has examined the repercussions of temporal constraint on decision-making in variables representing technical-tactical performance (action effectiveness and decision quality) and tactical behavior (types of actions used to create scoring opportunities). The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of temporal constraints on attack time and decision-making in 3x3 basketball SSGs concerning player behavior, analyzing the dynamics of space creation (DCE) and space protection dynamics (DPE) in the Sub-13, Sub-15, Sub-16, Sub-18, and Sub-20 categories. The study included the top six players from each category competing at the national level. A pilot study was conducted to determine sample size and define the constraints to be applied in the main study. In the main study, 20 SSGs were conducted, with four matches per category. Each match lasted 4 minutes, with 2-minute intervals, randomly ordered, and played on a reduced half-court (8.4x15m) in two training sessions. Tactical behavior was assessed using the DCE-DPE instrument, while technical-tactical performance was evaluated based on the probability of assists and positive outcomes. It was observed that reducing ball possession time and decision-making tended to induce more individualized tactical behaviors, such as perimeter isolations. However, more experienced players demonstrated a greater ability to create collective shot opportunities. Concerning defensive strategies, some proved effective in limiting the attacking options of opponents, such as neutral defense in 1x1 situations. In conclusion, temporal constraints on attack time and decision-making had notable impacts on the adoption of tactical behaviors, both individual and collective, as well as on the technical-tactical performance of basketball players in the Sub-13, Sub-15, Sub-16, Sub-18, and Sub-20 categories.

Physical exercise has been considered an important strategy in approaching the rehabilitation of individuals with greater trochanter pain syndrome (GTPS) and hip abductor strength deficits have been associated with this pathology. The objective of this study was to investigate the correlation between hip abductor strength deficits and SDGT, as well as the effects of a physical exercise program with different training modes combined with educational guidelines for the treatment of individuals diagnosed with this musculoskeletal condition. With the aim of offering theoretical foundations for the physical exercise program to be established, a systematic review was carried out, registered in PROSPERO (CRD42020216803), in which the databases searched were the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL, the Cochrane Library), Pubmed, Embase, CINAHL, evidence database (PEDro) Physiotherapy. The descriptors used were gluteal region, hip injuries, tendinopathy, pain and exercise. Five randomized clinical trials were included, which used physical exercise as an intervention in the treatment of SDGT. Excluded cohort studies, case controls, systematic reviews and clinical trials with other diagnoses. The articles presented high methodological quality according to the PEDro scale and a low risk of bias, according to Rob 2.0. In total there were 637 patients, 591 of whom were female, with a mean age of 57.9 (9.52). Significant differences were observed in the sample number and a variation in the types of scales used to assess pain, functionality and quality of life outcomes, limiting a meta-analysis due to heterogeneity. The five studies used daily resistance physical exercise programs with progressive mechanical load and reported a reduction in pain, improvement in motor control and hip functionality in the long term, in addition to presenting rare and mild adverse events. Despite the limitations, this systematic review offers a summary of the current evidence on the effects of physical exercise and the findings of this study were consistent with previous studies that recommend that daily resistance physical exercise programs with progressive mechanical load promote the reduction of pain, improvement of functionality and muscle strength. An observational cross-sectional study was carried out to describe and analyze the correlation between the strength deficit of the hip abductor muscles and SDGT and assist in planning the physical exercise program and load progression to be established during the clinical trial. The assessment of maximum isometric contraction was used in the analysis of flexion, extension, adduction, abduction, internal rotation and external rotation movements of the hip, using a manual dynamometer. Adult individuals diagnosed with greater trochanter pain syndrome with persistent pain in the lateral region of the hip above 3 on the visual analogue pain scale (VAS) for more than 3 months were included. Participants with hip joint pathologies and spinal disorders were excluded. 46 participants were admitted, 31 with a unilateral diagnosis and 15 bilaterally affected, totaling 92 hips evaluated. A positive, significant and medium strength relationship (spearman: 0.542, p < 0.001) was observed between the strength of the hip abductor muscles and the functional capacity of individuals diagnosed with SDGT, as individuals who presented greater strength obtained a significantly higher score on the VISA-G questionnaire (z: 109, p<0.001) and a lower score on the visual analogue pain scale. Furthermore, it was also observed that sedentary individuals with SDGT had lower hip muscle strength, worse functional capacity and greater pain, with a positive and significant correlation being observed between the hip muscle strength deficit and a worse clinical condition of the participants. of the study, reinforcing the current recommendation in the literature that physical exercise is an important strategy in the rehabilitation of this musculoskeletal condition. A prospective, parallel, two-arm, randomized, blind study was developed to verify the effects of physical exercise on the rehabilitation of individuals with SDGT. Adults diagnosed with greater trochanter pain syndrome with persistent pain in the lateral region of the hip above 3 on the analogue pain scale (VAS) for more than 3 months were admitted. Participants diagnosed with hip joint pathologies and spinal disorders were excluded. Educational Guidelines and a program with different training modes for the hip muscles, abdominal core and lower limbs for twelve weeks was conducted and compared with an exercise program with different training modes for the hip muscles. The outcomes assessed were pain (VAS scale, pressure algometer), functionality (VISA-G questionnaire), quality of life (EuroQol) and isometric strength of the hip muscles (manual dynamometry). 62 participants were included, 56 (90.3%) female and 6 (9.7%) male, with a mean age of 57.3 ±13.9 and BMI of 26.8 ±3.3. Participants were randomized into two groups and completed 12 weeks of treatment and 24 weeks of follow-up. A significant improvement was observed in the reduction of pain (z: 6.87, df:61, p<0.001), in the gain in functionality (z: 6.87, df: 61, p<0.001) in the increase in muscle strength (t: 27.15, df: 61, p<0.001) and improved quality of life (z: 6.85, df: 61, p<0.001) with 12 and 24 weeks of follow-up of the participants, but there was no difference significant between groups (x2: 0.86, p:0.353). These findings may suggest that the specific mode of contraction and number of muscle groups worked may not be the most relevant element, but the individualization of the load, progressive physical exercise and the work of different characteristics of the neuromuscular system. In short, this dissertation demonstrated a positive and significant correlation between the regular practice of physical exercises, greater strength of the hip abductors and a better clinical condition in individuals with greater trochanter pain syndrome, reinforcing the importance of developing health programs for combat a sedentary lifestyle and prevent the development of chronic and debilitating injuries. Furthermore, it suggests that progressive physical exercise, individualization of the load and the work of different characteristics of the neuromuscular system to alleviate pain, improve motor control and incorporate strength gains in functional movement are essential strategies in the treatment of individuals with this debilitating condition musculoskeletal.

The primary objective of this survey was to shed lights on the processes and dynamics tied to social attitudes within WhatsApp gadget, bearing in mind cultural signals concerning football memes issued from Ilusolândia Filinhos group. The survey corresponds to field research in the qualitative manner, as well as a sociocultural approach in line with netnographic view according to Baztán & Martins (2014), Bracht (2005), Duarte (2002), Kozinets (2014) and Minayo (2017; 1994) inter alia. Whatever theory, applied in every human knowledge domain, it will be succeeded and rather suit insofar as it targets the purposes at stake such as offers a comprehension about facts, which some are single, while other are complex, that such theory is chosen to explore (SEVERINO, 2007). More than this, major facts that combine with broader phenomena under the land of a constrained framework are normally structured in levels of complexity and/or suit range characteristics of the design as for envisaged research (CRESWELL, 2009). As the understanding concerning facts presupposes the understanding of others, it happens to be reasonable follow step by step examination-description processes, emerged from observational/descriptive level, respectively. Thus to fill the first level, such as claimed by Creswell (2009), we observe the following methodological protocols: data were gathered along April-July 2021, in the aforementioned group by keeping a field log (synchronously and asynchronously), being a participating observer and collecting information through semistructured interviews administered online (synchronously). In the sequence, to fill the second level that conveys descriptive information, 694 memes were examined according to their types, classifications ad categories, defined a posteriori as football-teams, football-politics, football-Covid-19, football-reality show, football-die, football-violence and football-homosexualism through analytic coding, hermeneutic interpretation and visual design grammar, based on Joly (1992), Recuero (2017), Kress & van Leeuwen (2006 [1996]). Results show that besides being a new way of communicating, memes instead are rich in multiply action-meanings referred to football within virtual space, which are issued from linguistic livings attached to several statements instances (some illustrate acts and views in a very loose sense equivocals, others not) conveyed by participants interactions belonged to Ilusolândia Filinhos. In the experimental group, members highlight confidences between them given they had in common major interests in football. Hence, the building-perception as for football was tied to their social stratification through agenda setting. In sum, building-conveying reception towards memes that besides their humour aspects, they inform patterns as “male sociability”, “gender prejudices”, “politics satira” and “violence within football”.

Autism - its genesis, development and concept - is still, unfortunately, little known by the general population. Even among educators there are several doubts about its specificities. Many say, based on common sense, that autistic people are: “children with socialization difficulties”, “children with communication difficulties”, “children who cannot work in groups”, “children who do not interact”, among others. elaborations. These indeterminate statements and the scarcity of research on this subject build a stereotype about autism, referring the child with autism to a condition averse to relational life, as if the person with autism were living in a world that is not ours. This reality, distorted, can further distance the professionals who work in education about what a child with autism truly is. This way in which autism has been understood, reveals to us, but at the same time, hides from us its essence - the knowledge of its determinations - of its regularities, its ways of being - of acting, of interacting with the world of objects and with the world of men. Based on this issue, our research aimed to understand the role of playing in the development of children with Autistic Spectrum Disorder (ASD), under two lines of investigation: 1. Theoretical investigation about the fundamentals that explain the development processes in perspective of the Historical-Cultural Theory, establishing mediations, with the specificities of the development of children with autism and, 2. Investigation of indications of actions of children with autism in a situation of play, in the classroom. To this end, we created the Playing and Learning Project at the Faculty of Physical Education (FEF) at the University of Brasília (UnB). The investigation method was based on the way in which Vygotsky studied the genesis and historical-cultural development of higher psychological functions and human behavior. The discoveries reached in this investigation, which addressed the formation of concepts in children with autism, can significantly contribute to a greater understanding of the theoretical-methodological processes, concerning the critical-overcoming pedagogical conception of Physical Education, in terms of, specifically, – the discussion of curricular principles and the conception of schooling cycles and the structuring contents of the forms of activity of corporal culture – the meaning, sense and objective meanings present in the discussions that involve corporal culture.

The starting point for this study was the conditions of embodiment
determined by the intensification of the structural crisis of capital
presented by István Mészáros. We consider the contrast between the
redefinitions of the sociability of capital, which affect the ways of
life integrated into the wider market of symbolic goods that permeate
the body, and the intensification of the expropriation of the
marginalized masses seeking survival in precarious work, chronic
unemployment and amid the increasing social inequalities.
Understanding that physical education is a social complex that arises
and develops through the social needs historically determined by the
mode of production of life in capitalism, a fundamental question
directed the investigation: in what ways can physical education, as a
social complex, meet the needs of the bodies of those who live
invisibly, as surplus labor force? In this direction, our general
objective was to develop an ontological critique of the constitution
of embodiment in the face of the structural crisis of capital as a
contribution to the study of the body in physical education. This
intention is justified, firstly, by the scarce studies discussing the
category of work as the foundation of social being - based on the
ontology of György Lukács - for the field of physical education;
secondly, because the category of embodiment is a term surrounded by
imprecise definitions in this field; thirdly, due to the hypothesis
that, by understanding the body through tendencies based on medical
sciences, militarism, and sportification, physical education has
contributed to the denial of full embodiment, yielding to the project
of the productive body for capital, not only through its pedagogical
practice but also, at times, through alignment with theories
referenced in the post-classist/modern agenda. Through bibliographic
and documentary research, as support for a critical materialist
ontological approach, it was possible to develop the chapters as
follows: in the first chapter, we analyzed the structural crisis of
capital as a crisis of social totality and its effects on human
embodiment; in the second chapter, we investigated the scope of the
teleology and causality relationship for the concepts of work and
embodiment; moving on to the third chapter, we identified that work
involves a dialectical relationship between teleology and causality,
to the point that this vital activity constitutes human essence and
defines embodiment; the fourth and final chapter sought to explain how
themes or forms of activities, particularly corporeal ones, passed
through the tradition of natural sciences, served for discipline and
control by the state, became sportified and received a self-critique
toward overcoming conservatism and subservience to capital. This
critique was only configured as an "intention of rupture" by the
so-called renewal movement, which was supplanted by a post-critical
proposal based on authors linked to the post-modern movement. After
our discussions on some authors justifying a sociology of the body,
based on "zones of rupture" that presuppose the elimination of "old
legitimacies" that ensure social structure, we brought considerations
that expose that nothing has changed in the relations of production,
in abstract labor, in guaranteeing bourgeois private property, and in
the constitution of the embodiment of the hungry, the miserable, and
the poor around the world who increase as wealth becomes more
concentrated.

This thesis adds to other studies that had state sports policies as their object. In this specific case, the locus of the research was Maranhão, a state recently governed by coalitions with different political orientations. Indeed, its general objective was to analyze and evaluate the continuities and discontinuities of sports policy in Maranhão organized in the periods from 2011 to 2014, in the Roseana Sarney government, and from 2015 to 2018, in the Flávio Dino government. The methodological process involved a bibliographical review and documental survey, having as reference the proposal of analysis of sport policies within the states developed by the Group of Research and Sociocritic Formation in Physical Education, Sport and Leisure of the University of Brasília (Avante/UnB), contemplating the following aspects: history and political, economic and social development of the State of Maranhão, as well as an overview of its sporting reality; the political configuration of sport in the State through the legal system, political devices, programs and projects; the management, structure and operation of the governing body of sports policies in the State of Maranhão, with its democratic control mechanisms; the scope and infrastructure of existing spaces and sports equipment in the State; the financing of public sports policies in Maranhão, analyzing the amount and direction of expenditure. As a result of the research, we found that the State of Maranhão still occupies a negative position regarding the HDI; democratic control mechanisms for sport do not favor social participation, encouraging clientelism; government actions, sports spaces and equipment are concentrated in the state capital, a limiting factor for access and democratization of sport; the amount of sports resources did not reach 1% of the state budget; in the two administrations there was a great oscillation in the execution of the expenditure with the sport and the Sports Incentive Law (LIE) stood out as a mechanism of public financing of the sector, privileging the high performance sport. In short, despite the intention of rupture, the Flávio Dino government represented much more continuity than discontinuity in relation to the Roseana Sarney government, without producing significant changes in the status quo of sport in the State.

Introduction: Firefighters are recognized for their involvement in various high-risk professional
activities associated with physical and psychological demands. Due to the nature of their work,
firefighters are expected to maintain a high level of physical fitness. The National Fire Protection
Association (NFPA) in the United States recommends a minimum cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF)
standard of 12.0 METs to ensure that firefighters can perform their duties safely and effectively.
However, this standard does not account for gender differences in physical fitness or the natural decline
in fitness with aging. Objectives: The aim of this study was to describe the longitudinal changes in body
composition and cardiorespiratory fitness among male military firefighters (FF). Additionally, we
sought to compare the prevalence of firefighters classified as fit/unfit based on CRF using both fixed
(12.0 METs) and age-adjusted standards. Materials and Methods: A longitudinal trend study was
conducted among male FF from the Military Fire Department of the Federal District (CBMDF) using
physical fitness tests conducted between 2006 and 2018, which included 64,039 physical evaluations.
From these data, all male FF with valid CRF and body mass index (BMI) data in all follow-up years
were included, resulting in the evaluation of 1,327 firefighters over a 12-year period, representing 27%
of the current male FF population in CBMDF. Paired t-tests were used to compare changes in CRF and
body composition, while Cohen's d-test was used to assess effect size. According to the fixed standard,
participants with CRF <12.0 METs or ≥12.0 METs were classified as unfit or fit, respectively. For the
age-adjusted standard, Cooper's classification was used, grouping superior, excellent, and good
categories as "fit" and fair, poor, and very poor as unfit. Obesity was defined as BMI ≥30.0 kg/m2.
McNemar's test was used to compare prevalence estimates. A longitudinal panel data linear regression
analysis was performed to investigate the relationship between CRF and different BMI classifications
over the years. Survival analysis using Kaplan-Meier curves was conducted to assess the risk of
developing obesity, and Cox regression was used to determine the independence and significance of
CRF in relation to the time until the obesity outcome. Differences were considered statistically
significant at the 5% level. R software (version 4.2) and JAMOVI software (version 2.2.5) were used
for statistical analysis. Results: A significant decline in CRF and an increase in BMI were observed
among middle-aged FF over the twelve-year period (p<0.001). The prevalence of obese firefighters
increased significantly, as did the prevalence of unfit FF based on both the fixed (12 METs) and ageadjusted
standards (p<0.001). After the twelve-year interval, the odds of a firefighter becoming obese
were 22.5 (11.1-45.7) times higher. Regarding CRF, the chance of becoming unfit, based on the fixed
criterion, was 6.1 (4.8-7.9) times higher after 12 years, while considering age, this chance was 2.7 (2.2-
3.3) times higher. FF with CRF <12 METs in 2006 had a 2.48-fold increased risk of obesity compared
to those with higher CRF. In the age-adjusted model, the risk remained significant (HR=2.07, 1.67-
2.57). Furthermore, it was observed that a 1 MET increase reduced the risk of a firefighter becoming
obese by 28%. Conclusion: There was a significant decline in CRF and an increase in BMI among
middle-aged Brazilian male military firefighters over a 12-year period. When CRF was categorized
based on a fixed standard of 12.0 METs or age-adjusted categories, the percentage of unfit firefighters
decreased significantly after the 12-year follow-up period. The findings highlight the importance of
establishing an approach that combines specific occupational demands, prioritizing job requirements,
along with an approach that respects physiological age adjustment principles. In summary, the results of
this study have significant implications for the health and well-being of firefighters, as well as for the
organization and planning of firefighting corporations. It is essential to adopt comprehensive and
adaptive measures to address the challenges arising from the aging of these professionals, thus ensuring
their safety and efficient performance of their essential societal functions.

Objective: To investigate the cost-effectiveness of a Pilates exercise program compared with homebased exercises in individuals with chronic non-specific low back pain. Design: Randomized controlled trial with a 6-month follow-up alongside a economic evaluation. Setting: Rehabilitation clinic. Participants: One hundred and forty-five individuals (18-50 years of age) with low back pain for ≥ 12 consecutive weeks were enrolled and randomly allocated in a 1:1 ratio to either Pilates (n=72) or homebased exercise groups (n=73). Interventions: Method Pilates (Mat Pilates exercises using accessories) versus home-based exercise (postural exercises, muscle stretching and strengthening, and spine stabilization/mobilization), twice a week, for six weeks. Main outcome measures: Assessments were performed at baseline, post-intervention, and six months follow-up. Outcomes were pain intensity (0 to 10), disability (0 to100), and health-related quality of life (-0.176 1). The costs included were direct medical costs, direct non-medical costs and indirect costs. Results: At post-intervention, the Pilates group had significantly lower pain intensity (difference= - 1.14, 95%CI -0.25; 0.67), less disability (difference= -6.66, 95%CI -11.29; - 2.03), and higher healthrelated quality of life (difference= 0.102, 95%CI 0.054; 0,151) compared to the home-based exercise group. At follow-up, the Pilates group had a significantly higher health-related quality of life (difference= 0.055, 95%CI 0.003; 0.106) compared to the home-based exercise group but there were no significant differences in pain and disability. A significant overall effect of Pilates compared to homebased exercise was found for disability (difference = -4.4, 95%CI -7.6; -1.1), and health-related quality of life (difference = 0.049, 95%CI 0.022; 0.076), but not for pain. The main contributors to total societal costs were indirect costs in both groups. Costs of lost productivity at work (presenteeism) were higher in PG, however, these differences were not statistically significant between groups. Pilates intervention dominated from a societal perspective, demonstrating to be more effective and less costly for pain, disability and QALY. Conclusions: Our findings demonstrated that Pilates was more effective compared to home-based exercise in individuals with CNLBP, but it is uncertain whether these results are clinically relevant. Additionally, Pilates was cost-effective compared to home-based exercises for improving pain, disability and quality adjusted live years of individuals with CNLBP in the public health system and societal perspectives. Clinical trial registration number: NCT03113292. 

In the context of cardiovascular health, it is already well documented that physical exercise promotes positive adaptations in cardiac autonomic function and cardiopulmonary activity in the general population with a consequent reduction in cardiovascular risk. When evaluated, the different physiological adaptations induced by physical exercise can be considered important clinical-functional markers. In this scenario, Functional Fitness Training (FFT) is an emerging modality and possible alternative for maintaining and promoting cardiovascular health in the population. However, a lack of studies thoroughly analyzing the autonomic and cardiovascular physiological adaptations resulting from the exclusive practice of FFT. Thus, the aim of the present study was to analyze the dynamics of cardiac autonomic function and cardiopulmonary behavior during rest, in the different phases of maximum incremental effort, and during recovery immediately after effort in FFT practitioners. This exploratory-descriptive study is realized in clinically healthy male individuals (n=17) aged between 20 and 40 years old, recreational FFT athletes (e.g., Crossfit®). Cardiac autonomic function was assessed by heart rate (HR) variability (activity, reactivity, and reactivation), and the cardiopulmonary response was assessed by gas exchange analysis (ergospirometry). The variables related to cardiac autonomic behavior (RMSSD and DFA alpha 1) and cardiopulmonary (HR, VO2, O2 pulse, and VE/CO2) were obtained and analyzed at different stages of rest (supine and orthostatic position) during maximum incremental effort (initial moment of effort, at ventilatory thresholds and at maximum physical effort) and in 5 minutes of recovery immediately after effort. Statistical analysis employed non-parametric tests with two-tailed p value set at 5 %. The results demonstrated that the dynamics of the autonomic and cardiopulmonary indices, obtained in different functional conditions (rest-effort-recovery), presented expected physiological behavior, and their values varied within the reference ranges for cardiovascular health according to age and gender, regardless of the periods analyzed. Furthermore, regarding the interdependence of variables in the different conditions of analysis (rest and effort), a negative correlation was found between parasympathetic activity (RMSSD) in supine position with VO2 at ventilatory threshold 2 (ρ= -0.67; p = 0.00) and positive correlations between RMSSD reactivity after postural change at rest and DFA alpha 1 activity in the supine position with VO2 at ventilatory threshold 2 (ρ= 0.55 -0.61; p=0.02 -0.01). The associations between effort and recovery were negative between HR in the first minute of recovery with the oxygen pulse at the beginning of the effort, at ventilatory threshold 1, and at peak effort (ρ= -0.49 -0.62; p =0.00 -0.04). Finally, a possible impairment in the late recovery of HR after exertion (after the 3rd minute in the recovery phase) was observed in FFT practitioners compared to individuals trained in other sports. Therefore, we concluded that the dynamics of cardiac autonomic function and cardiopulmonary evaluations in different functional conditions are positively related to the cardiovascular health of recreational FFT athletes.

Elite athletes who seek to reconcile a high-level sports career with their educational path (school/academic) have numerous demands and characteristics that need to be better known and understood in order to promote and protect their moral, educational and professional interests. The general aim of this research is to investigate the factors related to the engagement of elite athletes in a dual career between sport and education, based on an analysis of research experiences and variables related to the profile of Brazilian athletes. The methodological approach included a review of the literature on the subject and an empirical investigation into the profile of elite Brazilian athletes, which was carried out using a semi-structured questionnaire. The results of the survey of national and international literature revealed that there are numerical disparities between them in terms of the number of studies on the subject and pointed to a general increase in publications on the subject since 2018. The analysis of the Brazilian literature shows a growing interest in investigating the challenges associated with reconciling sport and education. It also highlights important gaps in knowledge, especially with regard to the scarcity of research involving elite athletes. On the other hand, the review of international literature identified and categorized different factors at the individual, social and political/institutional levels, which act as facilitators or barriers to dual careers. The results of the analysis highlight the urgent need to implement comprehensive support actions for student-athletes. The results of the empirical research revealed that elite Brazilian athletes have high educational expectations, but limited educational and sporting opportunities to guarantee the atypical condition of student-athlete. These individuals are well-off (class A and B) and have the Federal Government as their main sports funder, and the medal winners who attend higher education are at private institutions (100%). In the analysis of interdependence between qualitative variables, there was a significantly higher educational expectation among women (p £ 0.021) and a difference for the podium based on the type of educational institution (p £ 0.029), and it is important to consider the relationship between the age group and the level of education of each segment. The summary of the findings reveals that, despite the challenges, engaging athletes in a dual career is widely recommended and can have a number of individual and collective benefits, provided that support structures and flexible arrangements are available. In Brazil, due to the lack of a legal and institutional support structure for the development of dual careers, elite student-athletes do not have tutors, have difficulties in obtaining rescheduling of exams and absences, and are subject to the discretionary authority of educational institutions and their teachers. It is concluded that the results presented are relevant, help to guide future research on the subject in Brazil and expand knowledge about the condition of elite student-athletes. It is recommended that subsequent research adopt mixed approaches and longitudinal designs, or even action and participant research. Furthermore, it is advisable that such research includes student-athlete populations from different states and regions of Brazil. Finally, it is suggested that efforts to support the condition of student-athletes focus on the political and institutional spheres.

This thesis proposes a structured investigation based on the complex of social reproduction, presented by Gyorgy Lukács in his mature text entitled the Ontology of the Social Being II, insofar as he offers us elements that help us understand not only contemporary capitalism, as the very dynamics of its partial social complexes, such as leisure. From this pillar, the study, with a historical-dialectical materialist theoretical tone and constituted according to a qualitative approach based on bibliographical and documentary research, extends to the examination of capitalism in its imperialist and late stage, pointing out, especially, some of its aspects economic, social, political and ideological. Next, the research deals with the concepts of mode of production and social classes, to, based on these elements, as well as the perspective of social reproduction mentioned above, discuss leisure, historicizing it and identifying its determinations in the contemporary stage, which are expressed, by way of example, in the hegemony of its commodity form and the fetishism that permeates it. In this part of the text, some introductory notes are presented on the emancipatory possibilities of leisure, the concreteness of what we could consider a context of full freedom and, finally, the differences between the leisure of times gone by in the history of humanity and contemporary leisure. Concluding the study, also according to Lukács, the alienation complex is discussed and some notes are made about its expression in the leisure complex.

Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation (NMES) aims to generate muscle contractions to counteract atrophy and enhance performance. NMES has been utilized for over 40 years, demonstrating muscle strengthening benefits across diverse populations. Kilohertzfrequency currents are commonly employed in clinical practice for this purpose. However, the relationship between their physical parameters and stimulation efficiency, including torque generation, sensory discomfort, and muscle fatigue, remains unclear due to a lack of standardization. Studies suggest that lower carrier frequencies allow for increased torque generation, yet results vary across different frequencies. Duty cycles below 50% appear more favorable for torque enhancement and discomfort reduction. The impact of burst duration on torque, discomfort, and, particularly, muscle fatigue is still underexplored. The absence of standardization in NMES parameters may account for inconsistent findings regarding torque generation, discomfort, and muscle fatigue. Little is known about the influence of these parameters on metabolic demand during NMES, crucial for improving strength and muscle hypertrophy. This study aimed to understand the effects of carrier frequency, burst duration, and duty cycle on torque generation, discomfort, fatigue, and metabolic demand. It is anticipated that these results will contribute to optimizing NMES rehabilitation protocols, fostering more efficient therapeutic benefits and encouraging patient adherence to this form of therapy. Objectives Artigo 1: We investigated the effects of carrier frequency, burst duty cycles, and burst durations on evoked torque, perceived discomfort, and muscle fatigue. Artigo 2: Compare Aussie currents with 1000 Hz and Russian currents with 2500 Hz, hypothesizing lower frequencies and shorter duty cycles improve torque and efficiency without increased discomfort. Artigo 3: Investigated the effects of four different NMES protocols applied to the triceps surae muscle on maximum evoked torque, fatigue muscle, efficiency, sensory discomfort and spinal excitability. Methods: Artigo 1: A search across eight data sources by two independent reviewers led to the selection of 13 peer-reviewed studies following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines, and they were assessed using the PEDro scale to evaluate the methodological quality of the studies. Artigo 2: Using a cross-over design, kHz frequency alternating currents (KFAC) with 1 kHz (10% and 20% of duty cycle) and 2.5 kHz, (10% and 20% of duty cycle) were randomly applied on triceps surae of healthy participants with a minimum of seven days between sessions. The NMES-evoked torque, NMES-efficiency, NMES-intensity, and NMES-discomfort were measured in maximum and submaximum conditions. Statistics were conducted using a two-way mixed-model ANOVA with repeated measures [two levels: currents (Aussie and Russa) X duty cycle (10% and 20%)], followed by Tukey post-hoc. Artigo 3: A cross-over design, using a kHz frequency alternating currents (KFAC) with 1 kHz (10% and 20% of duty cycle) and 2.5 kHz, (10% and 20% of duty cycle) were randomly applied on triceps surae of healthy participants with a minimum of seven days between sessions. The maximum evoked torque (MEC), fatigue muscle (total TTI, decline of TTI, fatigue index and number of contraction), efficiency, sensory discomfort and spinal excitability were measured. Statistics were conducted using a two-way mixedmodel ANOVA with repeated measures [three levels: currents (aussie and russa) X duty cycle (10% and 20%) X time (pre and post] followed by Tukey post-hoc. Results: Artigo 1: Most studies showed that carrier frequencies up to 1 kHz elicited higher torque, while frequencies between 2.5 and 5 kHz resulted in lower perceived discomfort. Additionally, most studies indicated that shorter burst duty cycles (10% to 50%) induced higher evoked torque and lower perceived discomfort. Methodological quality scores ranged from 5 to 8 on the PEDro scale. Artigo 2: Forty-four participants (age 25.65 ± 6.55 years) were included. Aussie currents produced a higher evoked torque and efficiency in maximum and submaximum conditions. Duty cycle 20% produced a highest efficiency in submaximum conditions. Aussie currents presented a lower minimization of intensity usage in maximum and submaximum conditions. Duty cycle 20% presented lower minimization of intensity usage in submaximum condition. Aussie currents produced a higher discomfort in maximum condition, however, there was no difference in submaximal conditions. Artigo 3: Were included forty-four participants (age 25.65 ± 6.55 years). The Aussie current produced higher evoked torque and TTI values. Aussie currents showed a higher total sum for TTI with a lower decline in TTI and fatigue index. The Aussie current takes more contractions for a noticeable drop in torque generation. Only the soleus showed a decrease between pre and post assessments for RMS and FM. The gastrocnemius muscles showed a reduction between pre and post assessments for RMS and higher values for the 20% duty cycle for FM. The Aussie current demonstrated higher efficiency, regardless of pre and post assessments, as well as during fatigue. The Aussie current resulted in higher overall discomfort. Discomfort during fatigue is higher at the beginning of the protocol compared to the end. Conclusion: Article 1: We concluded that kilohertz-frequency alternating current generates greater evoked torque for carrier frequencies between 1 and 2.5 kHz and burst duty cycles below 50%. Lower perceived discomfort was generated using kilohertz-frequency alternating currents between 2.5 and 5 kHz and burst duty cycles below 50%. Article 2: The Aussie current demonstrates superior performance in eliciting higher evoked torque, enhanced efficiency, and reduced current amplitude when compared to the Russian current, irrespective of whether assessed under maximal or submaximal conditions. While the Australian current induces greater discomfort during maximal conditions, no significant disparity is observed when compared to the Russian current under submaximal conditions. Furthermore, a 20% duty cycle exhibits enhanced efficiency and utilizes lower current intensity in submaximal conditions. Article 3: The Aussie current presented superior performance in evoked torque generation and muscular efficiency. Regarding muscle fatigue, the Aussie current appears to induce less muscular fatigue compared to the Russian current, with 10% duty cycles resulting in higher fatigue. Although the Aussie current is more uncomfortable in terms of total discomfort, there is no significant difference in discomfort between the currents during the fatigue protocol, except that discomfort decreases over time.

To evaluate the reliability of variables from the Orthostatic Stress Test (OST), Repeated Jumps Test (RJT), and Brunel Mood Scale (BRUMS), their correlation with Session Rating of Perceived Exertion (s-RPE) and Acute:Chronic Workload Ratio (ACWR), and then, relying on such analyses, to investigate a monitoring strategy that can identify fatigue in junior Diving athletes. Methods: male and female athletes (n = 10) underwent two pre-season and six in-season assessments as they restarted training after the off-season in 2020. Baseline data to assess test-retest reliability were collected on two days, on the week before return to training, and in-season data to assess correlation were collected every seven days, before training sessions. Individualized ranges to assess True Change in variable behaviour were derived from the reliability results. Results: Average Height had the highest reliability (ICC = 0.971 [0.695 0.994], p < 0.001), followed by Average Supine RRi (ICC = 0.955 [0.791 0.989], p < 0.001), Fatigue (ICC = 0.915 [0.713 0.978], p < 0.001), Average Orthostatic RRi (ICC = 0.900 [0.609 0.975], p = 0.001), Minimum OS RRi (ICC = 0.820 [0.421 0.952], p = 0.001), and Vigour (ICC = 0.813 [0.442 0.949], p = 0.001). Peak Height correlated with Average Orthostatic RRi (r = -0.311 [-0.480 -0.106], p = 0.005), Maximum OS RRi (r = -0.258 [-0.433 -0.071], p = 0.021), and 30:15 Ratio (r = -0.283 [-0.470 -0.061], p = 0.011). Average Height correlated with Average Orthostatic RRi (r = -0.223 [-0.438 -0.005], p = 0.047) and Vigour (r = 0.302 [0.114 0.472], p = 0.006). Fatigue Index correlated with Average Supine RRi (r = -0.283 [-0.464 -0.083], p = 0.011), Minimum OS RRi (r = -0.325 [-0.515 -0.094], p = 0.003), Maximum OS RRi (r = -0.252 [-0.466 -0.008], p = 0.024), Average Orthostatic RRi (r = -0.309 [-0.500 -0.104], p = 0.005), Vigour (r = -0.374 [-0.582 -0.147], p = 0.001), and Fatigue (r = 0.482 [0.288 0.646], p < 0.001). Fatigue correlated with Average Weekly s-RPE (r = 0.368 [0.174 0.541], p = 0.001), Minimum OS RRi (r = -0.413 [-0.606 -0.197], p < 0.001), and Average Orthostatic RRi (r = -0.359 [-0.523 -0.179], p = 0.001). ACWR correlated with Average Supine RRi (r = -0.493 [-0.832 -0.039], p = 0.027). Individual signs of fatigue were identified using True Change ranges. Conclusions: Subjective and averaged variables presented with high reliability, and ratio variables with low. There were significant correlations between OST, RJT, BRUMS, s-RPE and ACWR variables. Establishing individualized variable behaviour ranges based on group statistics is a possible solution to identify fatigue in adolescent diving athletes.

This study investigated whether the rate of force development (RFD) could be a reliable measure obtained during a countermovement jump (CMJ) and squat jump (SJ) in combat fighters and physically active men. Forty-two adult men from two groups (combat fighters and physically active) performed multiple CMJ and SJ trials across three days, 2-7 days apart. Comparisons were performed between jump type, participant groups, and testing days in a mixed model for repeated measures. Intraclass coefficient of correlation (ICC) and the typical error of measurement (CV%) was reported as measures of reliability. CV% was further compared to the smallest (SWC), moderate (MWC), and large (LWC) worthwhile changes to express the sensibility of the measure to detect changes in RFD performance. We noted that reliability scores were slightly higher in SJ, and it was improved with an additional testing day. The RFD obtained during SJ in physically active presented an acceptable reliable score (ICC of 0.95 and CV% of 7.8%). None of the RFD measures seem to be sensitive enough to detect a small change in RFD performance (i.e., CV% > SWC %), while SJ in physically actives and CMJ in combat fighters on days 2 and 3 seems to be able to detect moderate changes in RFD performance (i.e., CV% ≤ MWC %). This study suggests that RFD is a reliable variable obtained during SJ tests with one familiarization session in physically active men. However, CMJ testing may not be suitable for RFD measurement because it requires > 2 familiarization sessions to reach an acceptable level of reliability. Combat fighters, individuals with theoretically superior exercise backgrounds, reported similar to worse reliability scores than physically individuals, and future studies might consider superior exercise background for RFD testing individuals engaged in resistance exercise. 

Papers in SciVal® based on Scopus ® and InCites ® based on Web of Science ® for Physical Education were evaluated worldwide and in Brazil. Analyses included Cluster, Discriminant, Canonical and Factorial Analyses, to differentiate between countries worldwide and universities in Brazil. Most common topics studied in Brazil and worldwide were also researched. Most documents worldwide are published in the USA (46%) and England (26%), followed by three other European nations, with Brazil being the 6^th largest publishing country (1.7%).  In contrast, Brazilian authors tend to publish more within their own country (40%). There is a tendency for the countries with higher percentage of documents in Q1 journals to also have higher percentage of top 10% cited documents (R²=0.73 for all documents and 0.92 for open access).  When comparing all documents with those in open access, most countries increase their Top 10% score, while Brazil decreases by 1%.  The variables that differentiate between country clusters include % documents in Q1 journals, % International collaboration, % Open Access, Citation Impact (number of Citations per paper) and % Document sin Top 10%.   The correlation between number of publications per topic worldwide and Brazil is 0.79.  Increases in publishing in Q1 journals, as well as more industry and international collaboration are indicated for increasing impact of publications by Brazilian authors in physical education.  Funding should be provided to help with the payment of Article Processing Charges in high impact Open Access journals.

 The present thesis takes as its object of investigation the (social) "being" of the spectacle soccer and its corresponding political economy in the late capitalist context. Therefore, its (general) aim is to understand (and explain) the "social being" of the soccer spectacle - as a sociohistorical phenomenon and cultural process - in late bourgeois society, as well as the configuration and behavior of its corresponding political economy. To this end, it seeks (as specific objectives) to reflect on and build a general panel of what constitutes the soccer spectacle today; to identify and analyze the processes that supported the entry and interference of mercantile and capitalist interests in the sport; and, finally, to make intelligible the political economy of the sociocultural object in question. In these terms, its development involved a literature review (systematic and exploratory), documentary research, and theoretical analysis/discussion. The results, in a first moment, point to the industrialization of soccer since the 1980s: a complex and comprehensive movement that involves, among other things, the transformation (or at least the readjustment) of soccer according to the logic of merchandise and capital, that is, a process that occurs through the rise of entrepreneurialism; of spectacularization; of the globalization of markets; of the concentration and centralization of resources and capital; of the deterritorialization of its workforce; of the establishment of a (worldwide) socioeconomic complex of unequal and combined character; and, also, of an (organic) relationship with productive and unproductive sectors that places it as a communication platform; as well as, the incorporation of science and technology in its productive chain; and the implementation of expropriatory dynamics with a view to the exasperation of the proclaimed industrialization. In a second moment, this work locates the historical root of the alluded process already in the seventies, when clubs, still not for profit, gave birth to a program of simple mercantile activities, which, later on, would support the industrialization in vogue. In a third and last moment, it recognizes and problematizes the emergence of a "cultural complex of soccer and media" whose relations of production, circulation and consumption are subjected/attacked/attracted by a nuanced conflict, open and ongoing, between the forces of capital and the foundations of a cultural asset with strong and deep-rooted social/community ties; moreover, in function of this conflict, it argues that the political economy of the sport - apparently capitalized - works/operates in a speculative and parasitic way from external (pre-existing) debts and revenues. Finally, besides pointing out a research agenda - comprehensive and complex, it defends soccer and its cultural expressions as an anti-value/anti-commodity and(or) a universal satisfier of need and, as such, indispensable to the elevation of the cultural citizenship of humanity as a whole. 

Previous studies have shown that musculoskeletal pain is one of the most prevalent health conditions affecting many individuals worldwide. In relation to the elderly, persistent pain is a widely prevalent and incapacity condition of multiple contributing factors, such as physical, mental and social. Objective: To analyze the efficacy of a multimodal circuit exercise program in chronic musculoskeletal pain in elderly community people. Method: This is a randomized parallel study (two arms), with blind results evaluations. The recruitment of the participants was made by a non-probabilistic sample resulting from invitations to the Basic Health Units of the municipality of Palmas (Tocantins, Brazil). Of this research, 113 older people who were allocated through a randomization process participated in one of two groups: Experimental Group (multimodal circuit exercise) or Control Group (cycle of multidisciplinary lectures on pain and stretching exercise). The outcome of the primary outcome is the overall intensity of chronic pain. Secondary outcomes were: functional mobility, cardiorespiratory capacity and physical and functional fitness. The analyses were processed with prism 9 for macOS version 9.0.0 (86), with significance level p ≤ 0.05. Results: There was a statistically significant difference for pain intensity reported through the Numerical Pain Scale -NRS in the post-test collection, the Exercise-EG Group Md= 2 (IQR=2) showed a statistically significant reduction (*p <0.0001.) when compared with the Control-GC Group Md=3 (IQR=1) (Wilcoxon Test for paired samples; p<0,001; ES= 0.34). For secondary outcomes, cardiorespiratory capacity and physical and functional fitness also showed significant difference between the EG and CG groups (*p <0.0001), for functional mobility no significant differences were found between groups p = 0.9623 through the Time Up and Go (TUG), but when compared intragroups, it was noticed that there was no significant difference (p <0.0001) from baseline and post-collection. Conclusion: In view of the results presented, we can conclude that the multimodal circuit exercise program presented is effective for the treatment of chronic musculoskeletal pain in in elderly community people attending the UBS in the city of Palmas - TO.