Management in the University environment is marked by challenges, which must be overcome, in order to obtain quality Education. The general objective of the research is to analyze the contributions and limitations of the organizational and administrative management of the State University of Goiás (UEG), Northeast Campus, headquarters: Formosa – Goiás, in the context of Administrative Reform Law nº 20,748. The choice of the topic is justified, in addition to its importance, by the need for research that adds new information to the database of studies on university management at UEG. In practice, it is expected that the research will help provide greater transparency to society, regarding the management process and institutional organization, as well as from the perspective of thinking about university autonomy. The methodological path is characterized as a case study, with bibliographic, documentary and field research. Methodologically, it is anchored in four central procedures: (1st) literature review; (2nd) documentary research, consulting Laws, Bills (PLs), decrees, and others; (3rd) conducting semi-structured interviews; and (4th) access to official databases, such as the Goiás State Education Council (CEE-GO), Goiás State Secretariat (SEE-GO); and websites of University Campuses and Units. Data analysis focuses on a qualitative interpretation, in which the aim is to systematize the data, using the technique of discourse analysis. It is concluded that Administrative Reform Law No. 20,748 brought several changes to the institution, establishing a new management and governance model, whose limitations stand out. Management becomes centralized, forming a hierarchy between the Central Administration – Regional Campuses – University Units, a fact that contributes to the increase in internal bureaucratization of the institution.

This research addresses the domain of Geography teaching, from the teaching/learning analysis carried during the COVID-19 pandemic period, in the years of 2020 and 2021, in which face-to-face classes were suspended in Brazil. The study has the objective of analyzing the performance of Geography teaching and remote teaching, in the Geography classes offered by the state public schools in the city of BarreirasBA, during social isolation. This emergency model brought substantial changes within the school dynamics, for both the teacher and the student, who needed to learn and adapt to a new reality.

The objective of this qualitative research is to analyze correlations between disorderly urban growth and the pedagogical work of educators in a Rural School. The school is the Ponte Alta Norte Elementary Education Center, located in the Administrative Region of Gama, Federal District, Brazil. Since the inauguration of the capital in 1960, the pressure for housing has required public authorities to manage urban growth. To this end, Administrative Regions were created separate from the centrality of Brasília for the housing of the popular classes, in the polynucleation model. However, from the 1990s onwards, irregular divisions of rural properties multiplied to create horizontal urban condominiums, resulting in relevant socio-environmental impacts. Educators in the Final Years of CEF Ponte Alta Norte report that the multiplication of condominiums has changed the sociocultural profile of the school community. This encouraged professionals to reflect and question the need for changes in their work with students. To analyze the phenomenon of irregular subdivisions, bibliographical research was developed on the concepts of production of space and territory, as well as dialogue between the Rural Education modality and the territory. A multitemporal analysis of orbital images of urban growth in the study area was carried out in the years 1994, 2007 and 2023, using QGIS software. To produce empirical data, about the connection between urban growth and the organization of pedagogical work, the Focus Group method was used, with teachers and managers from the Final Years of Elementary School and content analysis of the speeches. The results indicated educators were concerned with understanding a diverse school community, with great socioeconomic inequality, located in a territory with complex socio-territorial dynamics. Naturally, the empirical data revealed other issues with potential for examination in further work.

This work deals with the importance of Geography in the early years of elementary school, with a focus on the teaching of landscape. The central problem investigated is the construction of the concept of landscape in Geography teaching for students in the third year of elementary school. The general objective is to analyze how this conceptual construction occurs in Geography teaching for this age group. The specific objectives are: to systematize the theoretical conceptions relating to the concept of landscape established by authors of Geography; to analyse how the curriculum in motion of the municipality of Luziânia-GO and the textbook deal with the theme of landscape; to describe how the teacher works with the concept of landscape in their classes; to analyse the students' conception of landscape. The methodology used is qualitative and involved observing three Geography classes, a semi-structured interview with the teacher of a 3rd grade elementary school class, as well as a collective activity with 31 students from this class. An analysis was also carried out of the 3rd year Geography curriculum in the municipality of Luziânia-GO and of the textbook used by the teacher in the classroom. The work was structured into five sections: I. Methodological approach, describing the qualitative approach adopted and the methods used in the research; II. Literature review on teaching and landscape in the early years of elementary school, presenting relevant theoretical concepts; III. Analysis of the Geography curriculum of Luziânia-GO and the textbook adopted, highlighting how the theme of landscape is approached; IV. Profile and teaching practice of the teacher, with an emphasis on how he works with the concept of landscape in his classes. Results of the analysis of the collective activity carried out with the children, exploring their conceptions of landscape through drawings. The results showed that the Geography Curriculum of the municipality of Luziânia and the textbook do not talk to each other. In relation to the teacher, the lessons are more focused on the realities of the students, however, few still understand that they are integral parts of the landscape and the students' view of landscape is of a beautiful and peaceful place.  Thus, this work sought to contribute to a reflection on the teaching of Geography in the early years of elementary school, especially with regard to understanding the concept of landscape in this age group

The epistemological field of Philosophy can bring to climatological science a considerable world of metatheoretical discussions and reinterpretations of what is practiced in it. This Dissertation is centered on the development of research within the scope of atmospheric sciences, with a focus on Climatology and Geographic Climatology – and we understand that the joint advancement of these sciences has given rise to various branches, currents of thought and methodologies. In this sense, it was starting from Meteorology, a field based on Physics, that Climatology emerged and developed. However, over time, a geographic character became necessary, and gave geographers (for example, Brazilians) the possibility of gaining prominence and protagonism among other researchers. Our hypothesis is that, to understand details of this process and some key moments, the application of metatheories is a decisive resource. And, in this case, the models of Thomas Kuhn and Imre Lakatos gain prominence because they are famous epistemological perspectives and, in our opinion, powerful for the discussion to be presented here; namely: the manifestation of discordant approaches within the community of experts. In order to demonstrate the versatility of Kuhnian and Lakatosian metatheories, we project it onto two cases that are pertinent, insofar as, while one of them illustrates the disagreement in terms of methodological perspective (an internalist controversy, we could say), the other exemplifies it in terms of an axiological point of view (a controversy that may have externalist ingredients, therefore). To do this, first, we evaluate the case of the classic and dynamic paradigms in Climatology. Afterwards, we pay particular attention to the topic of global warming – an equally attractive phenomenon for an analysis based on the philosophy of science, given that climate issues have gained strong notoriety. With this work we intend to contribute to the community of physical geographers, especially focused on climate studies, becoming more interested in the epistemological factors that are embedded in their field of activity. This would be a way to guard against simplistic views about what happens in your community – especially conflict dynamics

The main objective of the research is to establish an interpretation, based on the assumptions of philosophical hermeneutics, of the academic studies about Brasilia written by urban geographers and urbanists teachers at the University of Brasilia, verifying whether and how they incorporate in their spatial-urban discourses elements of the patrimonials utopisms in Latin America, supposed by approximated notions. The academic thesis focuses on the written work produced between 1970 and 2023, by UnB – University of Brasília, working in Urban Geography, from the Department of Geography, and in Urbanism, from Architecture and Urbanism School. The discussion aims to identify, in an excerpt of authors and works, the elements that precede patrimonials utopism for Latin America, concept originally presented by E. Costa, of a dialectical-existencialist-decolonial foundation, and which attempts to restore the individual’s protagonism in the construction and recovery of the territory’s history on the continent. 

This study aimed to understand the use of latin american public space in face of the violence of expropriation – phenomenon that occurs by public power actions that aime to define specific types of use of public spaces. For this study, the public spaces of the Plano Piloto Bus Station in Brasília (Brazil) and the Alameda Central in Mexico City (Mexico) were chosen. Both locations are part of urban sites recognized as world heritage sites by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO, 1987). The Plano Piloto Bus Station was the first place to be built in the brazilian federal capital of Brasília in the 1960s. This public space based on Lúcio Costa’s project, would serve to integrate the different parts of Brazil with the federal capital.  The expectation was that the bus station would resemble other cosmopolitan spaces in the world, such as the Champs Elyseé in Paris and Picadilly Circus in London (ArqDF, 1991; Rossetti, 2010). But the popular use prevailed and set the tone for the appropriation of this public space (Costa, 1989). Informal workers use the Plano Piloto Bus Station as their main place of work, due the constant presence of passengers. The public authorities, however, consider the presence of informal workers a problem, and adopt several strategies to remove this type of appropriation. Despite this, informal workers continue to use this place to insure their livelihood. A similar situation occurs in Alameda Central in Mexico City. The boulevard appeared in 1592 as a place for leisure and recreation for the welthiest class in capital of New Spain. This public space therefore four centuries old, and was used in diferent ways, especially by the poorest class. Especially at the end of the 20th century, informal work became the main type of use of the site, due to its integration with the Historic Center of Mexico City. The constant presence of people on this public sidewalk inspires visibility for these workers, which provides favorable conditions to trade goods and the offering of services. But the public authorities do not recognize them as legitimate users of public space and insist in expropriating them. In this sense, these places are representative of the violence of expropriation and resistance to it. The permanence of informal workers and their forms of cooperation inspires us to reinterpret the theme of public spaces, especially in Latin America.  Through resistance, alternatives can be seen and also provide the recognition of unquestionable importation of these actors for the popular activation of these places (Costa, 2016), and minimization of inequalities on the continent. When considering the existence and permanence of the use of public space in face of the violence expropriation, we are operationalizing Milton Santos concept of used territory (Santos, 1994; 2000) which make us to understand the use of public space by hegemonic and hegemonized actors, in addiction to consider resistance as a part of the popular activation of public space, as already elucidated by Costa (2016; 2017; 2021). Thus, we understand public space as an active expression of used territory. 

Este trabalho tem como objetivo principal compreender o processo de produção do espaço urbano da cidade Palmas –TO e a implantação das políticas públicas para Habitação de Interesse Social - HIS na cidade e examinar especificamente a implantação do Programa do programa MEU TETO no ano de 2007. Trata-se de um programa de Habitação de Interesse Social implantado pela prefeitura municipal de Palmas em parceria com o governo Federal, financiado com recursos do PAC. A tese discutida é a de que Palmas desencadeou um processo complexo de exclusões sociais e a Habitação de Interesse Social é ineficiente para atender sua demanda, as políticas públicas para habitação nos âmbitos federal, estadual e municipal não conseguiram solucionar os diversos problemas do seu des(controlado) crescimento. O estudo constatou que a produção do espaço urbano de Palmas ocorreu de forma dispersa, o governo do estado o seu maior detentor de terras, logo no início da formação da confinou os migrantes de baixo poder aquisitivo à margem do Plano Urbanístico inicial, resultando em um processo de urbanização descontínuo e um desenvolvimento socioeconômico desigual que aumentou a concentração das terras no centro da cidade, acumulação do capital e apropriação do mercado imobiliário. Consequentemente a expansão periférica se fortaleceu e o avanço rápido de população gerando demanda por moradia popular. A HIS em Palmas é incipiente, até 2005 a cidade contou com apenas três programas de habitação popular, o Movimento Nacional de Luta pela Moradia –MNLM teve papel importante nas conquistas. Foi abordado o Programa de HIS MEU TETO que foi dividido em 10 (dez) metas, visando atender 1001 famílias, em situação socioeconômica vulnerável com recorte espacial para os conjuntos habitacionais Copa Cabana, Leblon, e Barra da Tijuca, localizados na Área Residencial Sudeste – ARSE, nas quadras 131, 132 na região ambos inseridos no Sul Plano Diretor de Palmas. Nesses empreendimentos foram atendidas 392 famílias. Foram realizadas revisão bibliográfica, pesquisa documental, levantamento de dados junto aos órgãos de habitação, pesquisa de campo, observações e entrevistas. A pesquisa evidenciou que cidade de Palmas, apesar de sua juventude apresenta os antigos problemas de habitação das cidades anteriores a ela, e necessita avançar na política de habitação social, de fato as políticas públicas de habitação implantadas no município nos âmbitos federal, estadual e municipal não conseguiram solucionar os diversos problemas de seu crescimento.

The research in progress aims to understand and analyze the productive restructuring between the northeast of the state of Tocantins from the differences, similarities and relationships between the fronts of pastoral exploitation (which today was impelled against the Krahô people) and agribusiness (which the Indigenous Territory) in that region. The bibliography records that the history of the territorial formation of Brazil is intertwined with the contact histories of the native peoples with the non-indigenous, which, since colonization, has been characterized by the migratory movements of the former due to the advance of the latter. In this context, after displacements, settlements, conflicts and massacres, which will be described throughout the Thesis, the people under analysis had a Territory demarcated by the Government of Goiás, in 1944, with approximately 320 thousand hectares. This meant a balm and an important fact for the society that had suffered so much in previous decades in the corners of Maranhão in the old north of Goiás. , society that is not found in not-contained by its Territory. Currently, the Krahô have suffered from the “enclosure” of their Territory by agribusiness, mainly by soybean crops, which have grown exponentially in the last decades in that region. This question is part of the approaches and is a reflection on the modernization and preservation of Brazilian agriculture, especially with regard to the fertility of Tocantinense, representations of the territorialization of the capitalist mode of production in the countryside. The ongoing research has an exploratory-explanatory character, with a qualitative approach, and consists of real contact with the reality of the northeast of Tocantins and the Krahô people. As for the research of pertinent data and information, a priori, two basic procedures will be used: bibliographic and documentary and direct contacts/field work.

One of the main elements in providing essential services to society is education. In this sense, due to advances in technological innovation, incentives for research and appreciation of education, brought one of the highlights, the expansion policies of the Federal Network of Professional and Technological Education, privileging educational planning for rural and urban spaces, on an equal basis, even if still initial, in the countryside of Brazil. Thus, we can infer that the IFNMG is a public policy action in its region of influence. In a vast territorial area considered in the discourse a “poor” region of the state of Minas Gerais, it makes us question, reflect and understand what real reasons and conditions were chosen for the installation of the teaching units in the municipalities that make up the region of influence of the IFNMG. This thesis encompasses the area under study in a vision, which attests to the essentiality of the network of cities in which it provides the region's development process; and the regions of influence of the IFNMG have in their urban network from the particularities and between their spatial interactions, with a small number of cities of intermediate and immediate hierarchies, rhetorically, a factor and a fact of their inconsistencies to development. In other words, at the same time that the deficiencies existing in the urban network expose regional problems in terms of development, thus, they can be one of the causes. The general objective of this work intends to analyze the spatial interactions of the network of the Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of the North of Minas Gerais through the implantation of its campuses and the logics of centralization in its regions of influence, as a form of policy of reduction of regional inequalities and development of poor regions. The methodological procedures developed in the pursuit of achieving the outlined objectives pervade the constitution of a theoretical foundation, the survey and analysis of documents and secondary data and the carrying out of fieldwork, with different intentions, among them, conducting interviews. Therefore, understanding the network of cities in the region of influence of the IFNMG based on their particularities and/or differences, to think, for example, in the choice and offer of FIC courses, technical and technological professional education of secondary level, higher and postgraduate education; and the allocation of public health services, among others; out of its regional potential, under the penalty of not meeting the objectives, desires and expectations of the community. In this perspective, the importance of this work is proposed, as it contributes to reflect and rethink the urban network of the most neglected Intermediate Geographical Regions in the state of Minas Gerais.

The present dissertation aims to problematize school Geography and the Teaching of Geography in peripheral regions, taking as a focus a newly consolidated periphery of the Federal District, Sol Nascente. The Teaching of Geography and School Geography come from a context after its consolidation as a strategic tool of the State. Over many years, the Teaching of Geography was done in such a way as to hide its importance, consolidating itself as a discipline that valued the decoration of contents about distant places or based on decoration of natural aspects of a certain territory without any reflection on the actions intentions of the beings that configure space, human beings. In the new manuals, regulations and curricula of basic education, Geography already appears in a new, more critical guise, focusing on spatial production and the relationships that human beings establish with territories. However, the place, category of sensory and affective relationships with space, and the students' living space, is not approached as a way to bring them closer to the contents, making Geography follow with the descriptivist and decorative character, in the perception of the students. students, as in other times. The outline of the periphery is due to the researcher's perception that in this place Geography classes seemed increasingly meaningless and removed from the student's reality. The research and problematization of this fact were necessary to understand how the relationship of the subject student of a periphery with the place occurs and how classes can be emancipating instruments of the excluding socio-spatial reality that generates the periphery. Analyzes were carried out on the objectives of Teaching Geography at the BNCC and in the Curriculum in Movement of the Federal District, as well as interviews with teachers and professionals from the management and pedagogical body of two schools that serve students from Sol Nascente, in order to assess how gave the students a perception of the periphery place, how the contents were approximated to have meaning in that context and how the reflection on the place as the beginning and end of the teaching and learning process in Geography can become, not only an instrument to make the more interesting classes, but also an instrument to modify the structures that configure and exclude the periphery

The Amazon Biome has the most extensive forest cover on Earth, playing a pivotal role in carbon sequestration, biodiversity conservation, and climate regulation. However, in recent decades, the conversion of areas of natural vegetation into agricultural areas, selective deforestation, and the effects of climate change have increased fire events. This research aims to analyze models based on machine learning methods to predict the most vulnerable areas to fire occurrences in the Brazilian Amazon Forest region. The tested machine learning methods were Random Forest (RF), Extreme Gradient Boost (XGB), and Multilayer Perceptron (MLP). Data processing uses different landscape characteristics that condition the spatial variation in the occurrence of fires, including deforested areas, cities, roads, forest edges, and climate data (average temperature of the Earth's surface and average precipitation). The accuracy analysis used the Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve, comparing the results of machine learning models and the burned area provided by the Mapbiomas Fire Dataset. Optimizing the method's hyperparameters considered accuracy values, aiming to improve the models to obtain the best results. Despite the models presenting similar performance, the best model was the RF with AUC values (0.88), followed by MLP and XGB (0.84). However, the modeling considering the inclusion of planned roads presents a more significant variation using the MLP method. The results show human interference in the induction of fires. Future studies should be developed to improve the proposed methodology, mainly by inserting other environmental and anthropic variables and comparing them with other artificial intelligence methods.

Erosive processes are often caused by anthropic activities that modify the original drainage paths, leading to changes in the distribution of water flow. The objective of this thesis is to identify how changes in the drainage network alter the topography and consequently the soil loss in a drainage basin using models with high spatial resolution generated by LiDAR sensor. The used methodology is divided into the following steps: a) Elaboration of Digital Models of Terrain (MDT) and Surface (MDS) representing the relief pre and post urbanization; b) Determination and analysis of the topographic factor in the two periods; and c) Determination and analysis of potential laminar erosion in the Ribeirão Taboca watershed, using the Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) in both periods. The results showed an increase in potential erosion values measured in the post-urbanization period located mainly in the hillside areas. This methodology makes it possible to locate the areas of greatest fragility and has the advantage of guiding actions aimed at preventing the watershed flow accumulation based on the known original drainage. Thus, the use of models with high spatial resolution was essential for detecting the most vulnerable areas to soil loss portraying the basin's reality with greater precision.

Transportation is constituted as a fundamental technique for the construction and development of space as it dynamizes it, enabling a broad integration of the territory and the interaction of mobility. Throughout history, both the means of transportation and mobility undergo modifications in order to meet the demands of the human being, progressively expanding its attribution. Geography, having its object of study the geographic space, can present great contributions to the understanding of the means of transportation, in view of the spatial logic intrinsic to the understanding of the circulation movement within the territory. In the brazilian reality, the modes of transportation and mobility represent great social relevance, however, it is configured as a service that's greatly precarious and needs to be reconsidered to meet the needs of the population. The same applies for the Federal District, which houses the capital of the country, a city that was first idealized to serve vehicles, and, consequently, has devalued the public and collective transportation system, with several aggregated problems spread throughout its territory. The present research has as a general objective the understanding of how the socio-spatial organization of the transportation object systems took place and how mobility is organized as an action system in the reality of the Federal District. Altogether, this research is divided into five chapters, being the first one constituted by the concepts of Geography, the movement and its methodological basis; the second chapter by discussions about transportation and mobility in the urban; the third and fourth chapters portray the reality of the Federal District, while the fifth and last one constitutes the conclusions and observations of the research. Regarding the methodological procedures, the research was organized in four stages: bibliographic survey, primary and secondary data survey, technical cartographic production with the field trips to make the maps and, finally, the construction of the preliminary proposal. Data from the Federal District Government (GDF), Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE), State Secretariat of Urban Development and Housing (SEDUH), Moovit, and the Federal District Planning Company (CODEPLAN), among others, were used to help in the making of cartographic products. The data were specialized through the free software QGIS. Finally, the importance of valuing public transportation is emphasized, treating it as an essential tool for the functioning of the dynamics of urban circulation over the territory.

The Afro-Brazilian Geography has its historiography marked by invisibility, misinformation, prejudice and discrimination. The development of studies of African populations in Brazil is one of the ways to break barriers for the full insertion of the African matrix in Brazilian society. 50 years after the idealization of the holiday created by the Palmares Group in Porto Alegre (RS), and in order to promote and strengthen the debate on policies of affirmative action on the Brazilian racial issue, the research aimed to analyze the spatial dimension of the holiday of November 20, using cartographic representation, considering the concept of Black Consciousness as an inducer of citizenship and identity for the Afro-Brazilian population. To carry out the research, the methodological procedures were organized in three stages: bibliographic research, collection of secondary data for cartographic production and, finally, critical analysis of the collected data. We analyzed the roles played by the Brazilian Black Movement, in its heterogeneity, to establish Zumbi dos Palmares as a symbol and benchmark in the history of the Brazilian nation that resulted in Law No. 12,519 of 2011, demarcating nationally November 20, without determining a national holiday, as "National Day of Zumbi and Black Consciousness. We identified and mapped the federative units that instituted, through their own legislation, local holidays in reference to Zumbi and November 20, characterizing Afro-Brazilian territoriality in the official institutional calendar of its territory. The research also unveils legal loopholes in Law n° 12.519/2011, the judicial disputes in the effectiveness of municipal and state legislations, and the political underrepresentation of the black population as obstacles for the November 20 to be fully territorialized. As a resolution, we examine the Senate Bill (PLS) n° 482 of 2017, which declares November 20 a national holiday. The research intends to contribute to reveal real the spatial dimension of the November 20 holiday, and reflect on the contradictions of national, state and municipal legislations, proposing new advances for the most important black date in the country.

This study was conducted with the following objective: present the contributions of a collective of authors on the field of Epistemology and Philosophy of Science, highlighting their works as possible assets to develop studies of such field in Geography. Inspired by these authors (Ludwik Fleck, Ian Hacking, Ronald J. Johnston, Peter Galison, Lorraine Daston, Otávio Bueno, Luca Sciortino, and Terry Eagleton), an analytic tool was built to assess the diverse approaches in Geography. The guidelines to build said tool were the concepts of “Thought Styles” and “Styles of Reasoning”, by Fleck and Hacking respectively. They grounded our identification of “Styles” in Geography, but with the complementary aid of some ideas captured from Johnston, Galison, Daston, Bueno, Sciortino, and Eagleton. This preliminary stage sought to define Style more systematically – and the bibliographic base facilitated its elaboration in two aspects: Structural and Contextual. The first would encompass Epistemology, Ontology and Methodology, as well as Organising Concepts, which would conduct scientific practice. Simultaneously, the contextual aspect would cover the Historical Circumstance and the Ideology, that could be the bedrock to each style. On a second stage, the study focused on a “pilot test”, which applied the idealised model in an analysis of eight papers: four circumscribed to the geographic current called Theoretical and Quantitative and four more belonging to the Critical-Radical. Within each quartet of articles, two were of a theoretical-reflective nature and the others of a more applied dimension. The conclusion is that the concept of Style is useful to demonstrate peculiarities and divergences between currents of geographic thought. Although our study was based on a small bibliographic sample, it is understood that the test pointed that the tool is especially fruitful to cover logical and sociological aspects of the scientific practice.

The work starts with verifying how the relationship between the territorial and urban dynamics developed that explains the environmental degradation of Ribeirão Sobradinho. As a general objective, it is intended to understand and analyze the relationship between the territorial and urban dynamics involved in this degradation, as well as to determine and analyze the actions of agents/actors that intervene in the territorial and urban dynamics of Sobradinho 1 and 2. It is also intended to analyze the perception of the population of Sobradinho about Ribeirão Sobradinho and its process of environmental degradation. To this end, we started from the hypothesis that the relationship between territorial and urban dynamics, considered on a local and regional scale, promoted the environmental degradation of Ribeirão Sobradinho over time. This relationship unfolds into three processes: (i) the 'planned segregation' preserving the 'Pilot Plan' of Brasília (CAMPOS, 1988), to the detriment of its periphery, through the promotion of spatial selectivity (FERREIRA, 2010); (ii) the appropriation of public land by private agents (PELUSO, 2003) through the fragmentation of the urban space on the outskirts of Brasília, and the division of Environmental Protection Areas - APA and rural areas, transforming them into private condominiums for the middle and upper classes in urban areas (PENNA, 2003); (iii) and the control of land use through urban and technological management tools (BEZERRA, 2015). Thus, the relationship between territorial and urban dynamics expresses the appropriation and transformation of the territory in its environmental and social components through the relationships developed in the interaction of its agents/actors over time, on different scales.

The term “gentrification”, proposed by the sociologist Ruth Glass in 1964 tries to analyze and explain the conditioning factors of the urban development of the post-war neighborhoods of London, where the urban renewal and economic activation of these hide the displacement of proletarian populations. Establishing an intrinsic relationship between spatial renewal and gentrification, denouncing the segregating population displacement, where the state plays a primordial role in the establishment of these processes within urban development. The concept gains strength from XXI century, where its social denunciation helps to make visible the processes that urban development hides. From the various approaches used by some authors, a relationship is established between gentrification and public policies of urban revitalization, policies that try to renovate economically as well as its landscape, especially in the historic centers of our Latin American context. Situation of our study case, W3 Sul Avenue located in the Plano Piloto of the city of Brasilia, a Human World Heritage. Avenue that is currently under interventions in its infrastructur5e, a project that tries to recover the space that from 2000 began a process of spatial degradation. Public policy executed between the years 2019-2021, which aims to articulate a renewal of the infrastructure and landscape of the Avenue in favor of the economic reactivation of the space. This study analyzes the role of the state in the structuring of gentrification processes and the implication of its public policies as structuring a political gentrification in Latin American territories, for the recovery of collective imaginaries of gentrified territories as places of economic and social cohesion.

Urbanization is part of the processes of spatial transformation, representing aspects of the relationship between society and nature. In order to understand the socio-environmental implications of this process, a representative spatial cut is justified for investigation. The general objective of this study is to analyze the relationship between the urban development plan and stormwater drainage management in Gama/DF - RAII. Based on a bibliographic and documental survey, field work and geoprocessing techniques, it seeks to map the urban constraints for the implementation of flood control measures considering the urban expansion scenarios. The factors that contribute to the socio-environmental impacts on urban drainage in the city are analyzed. Despite the existence of alternative infrastructure techniques, urban drainage management is still focused on the traditional, short-term model, which only transfers problems from one point of the city to another. The study seeks to reveal that despite the existence of urban conditioning factors in the city, the urban drainage policy disarticulated with other spatial policies aggravates the socio-environmental implications identified in the city. The case study estimates that the problems can be mitigated by applying compensatory techniques in drainage in areas where flooding is concentrated. This is the challenge facing urban planning and execution of territorial and environmental policies in Brazil.

The concern regarding the transport of pollutants through karst conduits has significantly grown due to irreversible environmental impacts, such as the loss of aquatic biodiversity and contamination of underground water resources. In the karst region of northeastern Goiás, a scenario of rapid landscape changes is being observed. These changings are characterized by the replacement of the Cerrado biome with areas dedicated to pasture management and agricultural activities. Thus, the main objective of this study is to investigate the dynamics of groundwater circulation through the network of karst conduits in Gruta da Tarimba, located in Mambaí, Goiás. The methodology adopted to achieve these objectives consisted of two stages. Firstly, a bibliographic review was carried out, resulting in the elaboration of the article entitled: "Use of Fluorescent Dye Tracers in the Identification of Underground Flow Paths in Karst Systems: An Overview of Studies in Brazil." In the second stage, the investigation of flow paths feeding Gruta da Tarimba and adjacent cavities in Goiás was conducted. This involved selecting injection and monitoring points, choosing the type of tracer dye, sampling methods, and acquiring the necessary materials and instruments for monitoring. The application of tests with fluorescent dye tracers was based on qualitative methods, aiming to identify the direction of drainage and underground connections. Additionally, quantitative methods were used, which, based on data generated by breakthrough curves (BTC), allowed for a detailed characterization of the conduit network structure and the hydrodynamic properties of flow paths. As a result, nine hydrological connections were established between the studied karst systems (Tarimba, Matadeiro, and Saruê), and the Extrema cave was identified as the discharge point for the entire studied karst system. On the other hand, the quantitative tests showed low mass recovery, indicating the possibility of loss to other karst systems or aquifers.

Textbooks, even in the internet age, are still the main source of literature for students. The need for a textbook that contributes to the development of spatial thinking and geographical reasoning, helping the teacher to propose strategies and paths for the emancipation of students' thinking, is essential for the exercise of citizenship and critical thinking. For this reason, this research sought to contribute to the teaching of Geography, with a careful eye, together with scientific rigor, to understand the process of mobilizing geographical reasoning. The aim of this study is to analyses the effectiveness of cartography in mobilizing geographic reasoning developed from 9th grade geography textbooks. Thus, considering these issues and the proposed objective, this research was developed using a qualitative approach through bibliographical research and documentary analysis. Data analysis was based on content analysis (Bardin, 2011). The theoretical basis was based on the discussion of school cartography, the concepts and principles of Geography supported by School Geography, spatial thinking and geographical reasoning. Documentary research was based on the National Common Curriculum Base in order to identify the guidelines for working with cartographic language in the textbooks Araribá Mais and Expedições Geográficas, both published by Moderna for the 9th year of middle school, together with an analysis of the methodological guidelines proposed by the authors of the textbooks so that students can achieve geographical reasoning. It must be acknowledged that there have been advances in the pedagogical and methodological proposals that permeate the construction of the textbook. However, even with the normative guidelines recommended by the BNCC and some studies carried out on the mobilization of geographical reasoning prior to the development of textbooks, some procedural limitations were noted for spatial analysis, for stimulating the cognitive process for the development of reasoning, and the underuse of maps in textbooks.

The beginning of the 2000s was marked by a political-institutional reorientation of a “social-developmentalim” nature. This sought to resume the formulation and implementation of national public policies and recover the State's capacities to invest and apply resources in favor of economic and social development. However, the current Brazilian economic-productive scenario has been characterized by the acceleration of regressive productive deconcentration, by the advance of precocious deindustrialization and by the intensification of the reprimarization of the national economy. This has trapped the country in a situation known as the “middle income trap”, which delays development and makes it difficult to combat socio-spatial inequalities. Given this scenario, the Thesis seeks to investigate, through a historical-structuralist approach, what was the effective role of the many public policies (spatial, sectoral, social, and economic), formulated and implemented in the post-2000 period, in the consolidation of this panorama. Did they manage, in some way, to oppose and mitigate the advance of this economic panorama or did they end up intensifying even more this movement of regressive restructuring of the national economy? After answering this question, the thesis will discuss new perspectives for the State's role in the pursuit of development.

This research examines and analyzes the processes of closing and opening of schools in rural areas in Brazil, as it understands that both are important and occur in connection to the changes resulting from the reconfiguration of the Brazilian rural space. Despite education in rural areas being a constitutional right, it is acknowledged that it has been compromised, as evidenced by the unequal distribution of schools between urban and rural areas and the disparity in the number of closures and openings of schools based on data from the National Institute of Educational Studies and Research (INEP) between 1999 and 2019. A total of 112,308 closures occurred, which represents more than just shutting down schools; it is an assault on the survival of rural communities, their natural resources, and their way of life, as schools are more than just a learning environment; they also provide political and social integration. In the face of the complex and conflicting reality of the Brazilian rural environment, it is worth highlighting the 48,042 schools that were opened, which illustrate the resistance and efforts of rural communities to keep their schools functioning. This research aims to analyze the process of closing and opening of schools in rural areas in the context of the expansion of agribusiness in the country and the underlying regional dynamics. The research employs a qualitative approach, and quantitative data is used to support the analysis and was obtained through direct consultation of official databases (IBGE and INEP) and the examination of theses, articles, dissertations, reports, diaries, files, and news related to the closing and opening of schools in different regions, states and microregions of Brazil. The research is structured in four chapters, in addition to an introduction, methodology, and conclusion. The organization of the research seeks to relate the main categories discussed throughout the work (region, territory, state, rural communities, natural resources, schools in/of the countryside, and education in/of the countryside) and through this, to comprehend not only the core of the investigation but also its complexity and the need for discussion. The research findings reveal that in the central-western, southern, and southeastern regions of the country, there is a de facto extinction of rural schools. These regions already have few schools and they continue to decline. Meanwhile, in the northern and northeastern regions, there is a concentration of rural schools in Brazil, but they are facing alarming numbers of closures every year. In this dire scenario, the research concludes that the closure of rural s chools is not only a problem of the educational system but also a problem of the political system, which has failed to guarantee the right to education in rural areas and the survival of rural communities and their natural resources. The research highlights the need to defend land and education as both are essential for creating and maintaining employment and life.

Automated and accurate detection of mangrove forests is crucial for conservation strategies and decision-making along the extensive Brazilian coast. Although the PDCA-ST technique used here has been successful in previous tests, its application in mangrove areas is still understudied. This study aims to create a mangrove forest dataset for processing with PDCA-ST/MNF, evaluate the model with different speckle elimination filters, and determine the optimal number of images for more accurate detection. The main objective of this research is to propose a methodological set for the identification and monitoring of mangrove forests in the range that encompasses the Delta do Parnaíba Environmental Protection Area, using Sentinel-1 SAR and Sentinel-2 optical images. The research focuses on two main chapters: (a) Classification of mangrove forests through Sentinel-1 images using the PDCA frequency histogram (Probability Density Component Analysis), in this sense, Sentinel-1 images were used, with alternating polarizations obtaining better results, and a year of images was transformed into frequency data. In the classification, RF and KNN were used, with accuracies of 89.43% and 88.29%, respectively. The sliding window method with a 7x7 pixel step proved to be the most effective. The results obtained demonstrate that the PDCA-ST/MNF technique has great potential to monitor mangrove patterns over time and support their monitoring in areas with high cloud coverage. (b) Evaluation of Sentinel-2 satellite images for mapping mangrove forests in the deltaic plain of the Parnaíba River. In this study, the accuracy of the Random Forest (RF), K-Nearest Neighbor (KNN), and Support Vector Machine (SVM) methods was evaluated using Sentinel-2 mission data to classify the mangrove area of the Delta do Parnaíba Environmental Protection Area and locate the most valuable forests for conservation, using remote sensing and geoprocessing techniques. QGIS 3.18.1 software and Abilius were used to create a Sentinel-2 image cube in temporal line, preserving all bands, and subsequently classifying the training samples (ROI) which were obtained from land use and occupation maps and the national forest inventory. The results were validated using the Kappa Index and the McNemar method for the three classifications used. The results indicated that the RF method obtained the highest accuracy (96.78%) and is the most suitable for identifying mangrove boundaries. The study presented an efficient methodology for mangrove detection, as well as allowing the classification of other land features, using two types of SAR and optical images, providing evidence of the effectiveness of the initial method. The robust methodology developed in this study can help simplify the detection process, saving time and resources. This approach can be applied in other regions where cloud coverage does not allow for temporal accuracy, becoming a valuable tool.

The aim of this thesis is to identify and map the healers in the Federal District, analyzing their relationships in urban dynamics and their traditional knowledge built and shared in their healing spaces, and the subjectivities that threaten the perpetuation of their knowledge through their craft . The re-signification of the traditional craft of the healers occurs through the entry into modernity that takes place in several ways: of the network of production, commercialization and dissemination of natural products. The knowledge (acquired and experienced knowledge) and practices (experiments and recipes for traditional preparations) present in ancestral medicine are not established only by identifying plants, but rather portray the improvement of medicinal uses based on healing stories shared among everyone in the community. Six interviewees were selected, residing in different administrative regions of the Federal District, holders of ancestral knowledge, notoriously known by the local community as herbalists, subjects who agreed to be part of the research and thus contribute to the expansion of the sharing of their knowledge. The traditional knowledge of the healers in the Federal District has been reframed as well as the evolution of society itself, according to the healers, the search for syrups, health bottles, products and spices to increase immunity and various evils characteristic of modernity such as depression and anxiety.

The research aimed to identify, map and measure the areas of intrinsic vulnerability of the upper hydrographic basin of the Corrente River, located in the northeast of the State of Goiás. For the viability of the study, the COP method was used, which is suitable for mapping the vulnerability of karstic environments. Karstic environments, specifically karst aquifers, play a very important role in the supply of drinking water worldwide. It is known that groundwater represents the largest volume of fresh water on the planet, therefore, these types of environments are considered an indispensable resource for the supply of human beings. There are several cities in the world that are supplied solely by groundwater from karst aquifers, or where groundwater serves as a supplementary source of supply, for example: Paderborn, Germany; Burgundy, France; Krakow, Poland; Sete Lagoas, MG; Lagoa Santa, MG, and São Sebastião, DF. The COP method was developed and applied in European countries, where the climate and the physical aspects of the soils act differently. In this sense, for the use of the COP method, a modification in the parameter of overlapping layers (O Factor) was proposed, given that the Brazilian tropical soils have structured soils and unstructured soils. A geoprocessing technique was used for making the layouts and mapping the intrinsic vulnerability indices through the COP model. The results indicated five categories or classes of vulnerability to groundwater contamination, distributed as follows: i - very high vulnerability class (421.70 km² or 11.28%); ii - high vulnerability class (567.89 km² or 15.19%); iii - moderate vulnerability class (1. 151.20 km² or 30.80%); iv - low vulnerability class (722.41 km² or 19.33%) and v - very low vulnerability class (874.63 km² or 23.40%). Although the very high and high vulnerability classes presented a low percentage of vulnerability indices, even so, these vulnerabilities should be considered by environmental managers, given the strong relationship between groundwater and surface water in the studied area.

The militarization of public schools in Brazil is a phenomenon that was identified, in 2020, in 12 brazilian states and the Federal District. In 2019, militarization starts to have the support and be organized by the federal government, as a federal program, and is implemented in the Federal District. The phenomenon is materialized in territories called of social vulnerability. Thus, we start from the understanding that the territory is a central category in this phenomenon, composed of nature and society, through its various social, human, symbolic, political and natural dimensions, in a dialectical and concomitant way (SAQUET, 2006). However, we also employ the classic categories of the historical-dialectical materialist method, such as: work, totality, contradiction, mediation and reproduction, and the thematic axes school education, militarism and territory. The categories and thematic axes are inserted in a totality, the capitalist sociability and interrelated, in a way that they cannot be considered in isolation (WACHOWICZ, 1989). In order to unveil the phenomenon of militarization of public schools, this research has the general objective of analyzing the relationships between the militarization of public schools and the socio-spatial constitution of the territory through a militarized school in the Federal District. To achieve this general objective, we start from the assumption or thesis that this phenomenon is a political project that follows a national trend of using public security agents, especially servants of the military careers, to shape production relations in certain territories, through of school education, as partially indicated by Silva and Fernandes Silva (2019). To verify this assumption, we carried out the following methodological procedures: bibliographical research with socio-historical data collection; bibliographic research with analysis of the state of knowledge; documentary research with analysis of the main documents related to the federal program and district project; bibliographical research to characterize the territories and geographic analysis about the territories of the Administrative Region of Ceilândia and the Educational Center 07 of Ceilândia, territorial locus of the phenomenon; and empirical research with data collection through a focus group, applied to school students, representatives of the 3rd year of high school classes, and questionnaires applied to the components of the School Council. Data from empirical research were analyzed using the Meaning Nuclei technique (AGUIAR; OZELLA, 2013). The results showed us that: the Vargas era and the Military Regime are decisive historical moments to understand the relationship between militarism and school education; the Covid-19 pandemic influenced the constitution of the phenomenon in the Federal District and the development of this research; scientific publications form a set of data and conclusions that point to the inefficiency and inadequacy of the militarization of schools in the exercise of the right to education; the phenomenon is constituted through the junction of ideological interests of conservative and neoliberal political groups and the military party; and the students, contradictorily to the teachers and the student's family, represent a resistance to the project and indicated that militarization caused new conflicts and illegalities in the school territory and that it did not reduce violence in the territory of the community surrounding the school.

Initially, the construction of infrastructure networks aims to intensify logistical flows. In an international context marked by troubled trade disputes, the gains derived from the reduction of logistical costs represent new access to consumer markets. Nevertheless, in addition to this intenfication, these networks perform broader and more complex functions in relation to space. Resulting from the implantation of technical objects, engineering systems represent the way in which technique, science and information modify space. Consequently, the construction of the Latin American Integration Route (RILA), which is a Road Corridor that will connect the two ocean fronts of South America, between Brazil, Paraguay, Argentina and Chile, will not only increase trade flows, but also the circulation and territorial dynamics between these countries. Unlike the Export Corridors, which aim to facilitate the flow, notably of commodities, from the production area to seaports, RILA has the potential to trigger trade, productive, social and geopolitical transformations in the regions that will be connected, since, through the development of regional, national and international networks, tends to unleash territorial dynamics that represent the intentions and power projection of actors of different scales. Since the Mediterranean regions will benefit the most from more dynamic bioceanic access, mainly Paraguay and the Brazilian state of Mato Grosso do Sul, their political and economic segments tend to promote the implementation of fixed points in order to provide greater fluidity to the flows products, which will increase the international competitiveness of this production, mainly in relation to South American markets and those located in Asia and North America. In this context, the Brazil-Paraguay border, notably the city of Porto Murtinho, in the Brazilian state of Mato Grosso do Sul, presents itself as a privileged space for overlapping intentions, powers and public and private initiatives that forge new territorial uses, due to, mainly, to the territorial fluidity provided by RILA and the Paraguay waterway, in addition to the geopolitical condition of a priority space for national security. Based on the methodology of geographic scales of power and management, which provides the understanding of territorial uses by actors that integrate civil society, the State and the market, this research analyzed the political, economic and logistical transformations related to the city of Porto Murtinho and surroundings, which result in the tending process of territorial restructuring at the local and regional scales, as a result of the construction of RILA. Documentary research, interviews with representatives of actors related to this Bioceanic Corridor and the collection of data and information at the local scale were essential to the identification and understanding of the new territorial uses triggered by RILA in a space considered, until then, peripheral: Porto Murtinho. Although public and private investments have unleashed economic growth, the new territorial uses resulting from this process have imposed some deleterious effects, such as the worsening of socioeconomic inequality and urban segregation. The recalcitrance of local political power in relation to the influence of other scales has made it difficult to mitigate these effects, which tends to erode the potential for socioeconomic development provided by the Bioceânico Highway Corridor.

The present study sought to acknowledge the effects of velocity and vehicle traffic on animal roadkills on roads nearby Protected Areas (PA) in the Distrito Federal - Brazil. Data on roadkill events for three road segments were superimposed on information on traffic volume, records of speeding infractions, and installation of vertical signs (VSs). The results showed a weak positive correlation between roadkill events and the annual traffic volume (ρ = 0.470; p <0.05). No statistical significance was found in the correlation indices between roadkill events and speeding infractions, and there was no evidence that installing VSs had an effect on the records of roadkill within 200 m (V = 387; p> 0.3) or 500 m (V = 437.5; p> 0.5) of the VSs. The data analysis showed a possible correlation between the fauna that had become accustomed to the road environment that were in collisions between animals and vehicles (AVCs) and the consequent intensification of the edge effect, fragmentation, and isolation of these species in adjacent PAs. It is proposed that new studies evaluate the installation of structures capable of reconnecting the affected areas, the continuity of monitoring projects, and the provision of improved access to data on traffic violations.

There is a consensus in Brazil about the new territorial organization caused by the restructuring movement of agriculture and cattle-raising. Considering a specific territorial cutout for this study composed of the Mesoregion of Eastern Tocantins and the Mesoregion Far Western of Bahia, it was possible to observe that the transformations that have been occurring in these mesoregions have considerably altered the relations of production and the ways of life of social groups in the scope of the cities, as well as in their main cities. In this way, it is assumed that the restructuring of agricultural and cattle raising production and its unfoldings are not processed homogeneously in the territorial section of the research, and thus produce different repercussions in the territorial planning, in people's lives, and especially within the cities of this segment of the urban network. The main objective of this thesis is to study the transformations caused by the restructuring of agricultural production in the network of cities of the Mesoregion of Eastern Tocantins and in the Mesoregion of Far Western of Bahia. Some results indicate, on one hand, the occurrence of spatial patterns forming groups of cities in the Mesoregion Far Western of Bahia where the agroindustrial networks crystallized high patterns of agricultural production, economic growth, and social development in the relations between places and population and, on the other hand, in the Mesoregions of Eastern Tocantins, the recent opening of this space for the agricultural production frontier faces the limited possibilities of small urban centers marked by rurality, with few dense population and disarticulated among themselves, inhibiting the presence of large companies of transactional capital that perform the instrumentalization of the territory

This thesis aims to analyze the different ways in which the Zapatistas and the Landless Worker’s Movement organize their territorial relations and conduct their resistance to the structures of domination, especially the State. It also explores how these different ways of resisting have an impact on the way of thinking and conducting the educational projects elaborated by them consequentially. The notion of a territory itself will be analysed – after all, the focus is on Movements that have the territory as an asset, making them socioterritorial movements. In territories of resistance such as these, schools appear as a fundamental element that sometimes dialogues with the state territory and sometimes is a structural counterpoint. One of the most important innovations of our study was the implementation of Bakuninist materialism and serial dialectics to interpret the political-educational resistance by the Landless and the Zapatistas. This methodological framework allowed us to organize this study based on four dialectical series: autonomy and heteronomy, State and social movements, domination and resistance, and knowledge and school. In addition, we used fieldwork, where we conducted structured, semi-structured and unstructured interviews, informal conversations with the Landless and the Zapatistas, as well as with their supporters and with movements close to them. We also conducted documentary research where we revisited documents, booklets, releases and informative bulletins of both movements. We can to the realization that even though both are socioterritorial movements, the way in which each of the movements organizes itself internally, as well as its relationship with the State, is different. These features also have direct consequences on education, which also expresses the immediate and programmatic objectives of the Movements. The issue presented in this study opens up possibilities for subverting the instrumentalization of geographical thinking by the State, removing from it the exclusivity of territorial organization and revealing its fractures, emphasizing territorial overlaps and, therefore, its multiterritoriality. The challenges of developing an education by the State or against the State in the territories of resistance are part of the trajectory of all movements, and studying them and highlighting their difficulties and possibilities allows us to reflect on paths and obstacles in the way towards an autonomous society.

The borderlands between Brazil and Bolivia forms an extensive strategic zone in the heart of South America that connects the Amazon and Platinum basins. As a result of a historical process of border mobility that dates back to the colonial origins of both States, this contact zone between the territories that were formed was forged by different flows and the establishment of different occupation nuclei, among different types of villages, towns and cities. Focusing on this borderland as a geostrategic frontier zone, the research aims to understand its constitution process and its contemporary characteristics. Considering the definition and redefinition of bounds and the state actors involved, the research problematizes the role of these nuclei throughout the borderland formation process. Taking the period from the 18th century to the beginning of the 21st century as a time frame, this process is analyzed from the identification of three major periods: I. the colonial period as the embryonic one, taking the 18th century as a reference, when the flows and the nuclei constitution by the Iberian powers met in the South American central-west; II. the period of the genesis of relations between Brazil and Bolivia, from the 19th century to the beginning of the 20th century, with the initial definition and redefinition of their international borders, based on a process of frontier mobility; III. the period from the beginning of the 20th century, marked by limits adjustments and integration initiatives. Having analyzed these periods, the research turns to a contemporary reading of the different scales and political-administrative spheres, considering the territorial divisions involved in this border zone. Based on this analysis, the focus is on the borderland’s nuclei with articulation across the international boundary, considering local relations, their regional arrangements and their national and international insertion. In a multiscale perspective, changes in the geostrategic conception of this border are discussed, based on the hypothesis that the different occupation nuclei were the constituent elements of the Brazil-Bolivia border and assumed a relevant role in its contemporary geostrategic configuration.

The theme of this research is the Black Christ celebration as a potential for the preservation of the San Jerónimo Fort, declared a World Heritage Site, in the city of Portobelo, located in the Province of Colón, Panama. The choice of the theme in question is due to the need to think about the preservation of the assets not only through its institutionalization, but also with the centralization of the subject, inserting to this process participative actions that involve the community. In this sense, the propositional research proposal, that is, the methodological action to integrate the Cristo Negro festival into the world heritage declared in the city of Portobelo, Panama (at risk), is justified by the importance and need to reinforce the spatial identity of the Latin peoples, especially the preservation and conservation of cultural assets and the insertion of the subject as the holder of the power of change and the struggle for heritage preservation. Thus, this work has as main objective to analyze the territorial dynamics produced by the Black Christ festival to verify its potential formulator of popular praxis in the preservation of the Fort of San Jerónimo, a world heritage site declared in danger by Unesco in Portobelo. Awareness transforms and triggers the need to preserve the places to which the subject feels a connection, because there his history and memory are kept alive and the ancestry of the Latin peoples represented there is preserved. A population aware of its origins is better prepared to preserve not only the endangered Unesco heritage, but also the undeclared heritage and, consequently, reinforce its spatial identity

Historically, the potential of the Amazon directed strategies that (re)configured it. Since the creation of the Legal Amazon, in 1953, occupying and exploring the “green hell has always been on the State's agenda, sometimes in a more incisive way, sometimes in a refined way. The forest was the laboratory for the State's planning actions, from developmental practices to neoliberal practices. The Ferro Carajás Program (PFC), in the Eastern Amazon, represents the culmination of projects aimed at the forest. It contains some occupation-exploitation logics previously used by the Radam Projects, Polamazônia Projects, Operation Amazônia, among others; but which, however, were intensified with the Large Mineral Projects in the Amazon. Therefore, in this thesis we seek to identify how plans and projects (trans)formed the Carajás Region territorially, where the PFC took place. We assume, however, the assumption that the State's actions materialize and take effect in the territory, (re)configuring it. In this way, the scope of the work seeks to recover how the territory, in the plans and projects launched in the forest, was present, endowed or emptied of its content and how these perspectives (re)directed the uses of the territory, transforming it. To this end, documentary research was carried out on plans and programs launched in the Amazon that, through economic resources (subsidies, tax incentives, tax and tax reductions) and/or infrastructural resources (ports, airports, highways, railways, etc.), aimed at interventions in the forest territory. In this way, it was possible to identify that the implementation of the PFC, during the years 1980 and 2010, led to transformations in an area that, initially, was made up of 13 municipalities spread over around 85 thousand km². In just over a decade, the Carajás Region was already configured, consisting of 28 municipalities, occupying 67 thousand km². These transformations also point to three distinct periods, where there was a territorial configuration prior to the launch of the PFC, a configuration that occurred during the implementation of the PFC infrastructures, and a final configuration that points to a consolidation of the region's dynamics and transformations. Around 42 years ago, the Carajás Region became the center of the most modern and profitable mining dynamics in the country.

When talking about the Municipality's Territorial Origin Investigation Method, it is necessary to understand some aspects: what is the need for a Method for this type of investigation; what is the problem with providing only general investigations of large areas; how deep should a method like this go; what basic information needs can be obtained through an investigation of this magnitude; why the search for Territorial Origin is the responsibility of the Municipality. Firstly, a method is necessary given the complexity of Brazil, well expressed by the current number of Municipalities – 5.570 – in a territory of 8.510.345.540 km². It is a plurality that needs to be contemplated and met in its differences with an efficient and effective territorial investigation standard that provides security, both for research on macro questions, answered in general investigations, and for research on questions related to specific parts of the territory. Therefore, there is a clear need for a specific method that allows, in addition to the security of using official data, a form of approach that meets the plurality, reality and historical context that is expressed in Brazilian territory. Secondly, the appropriate method can be applied to small and large territorial areas. It is possible to apply the Method in each state and in all states, obtaining a great track record. In this case, it is a general investigation, providing equally general answers. It is important to highlight that for the success of such an investigation, given the complexity of the Brazilian Territorial Formation process, the transformation stages listed must be leaner, covering the main moments of change in the territory. This is because on this scale it is not possible to deal with all the procedures for all territorial changes in all the municipalities involved, under penalty of losing the focus of the investigation. These are intricacies of territorial formation that, due to their large quantity and complexity, cannot be covered in a general investigation. It turns out that a large part of Brazilian Territorial Formation takes place exactly in the meanders that occur between these main moments of territorial changes. Therefore, the intricacies of territorial changes are extremely important for a real understanding of regional and local issues.Finally, why the investigation concerns the Municipality. In fact, the existence of the Brazilian States and Brazil, currently, takes place in the Municipalities, where, combined with the Urban Space and the Rural Space, there are all places. Today, the smallest Administrative Territorial Unit that encompasses Rural Space and Urban Space in Brazil is the Municipality. In addition to being a Territorial Unit that covers the entire Brazilian territory, each territorial transformation of the Municipality takes place by force of Law, which gives solidity to the data collected.Thus, the need for knowledge is related to the territory of the Municipality when it is necessary to obtain data and old documents from a rural property that is dismembered or that needs regularization, from a small farm on the city limits, from a small farm, from an expanding large estate, a subdivision recently added to the urban fabric, a small traditional community, properties to be demanded for easement for the passage of an electricity line. In other words, of all the realities and needs for territorial elucidation, the answer involves the Investigation of the Territorial Origin of the Municipality. In this context, it is imperative that there is an effective and safe Municipal Territorial Investigation Method. For this purpose, this Thesis was developed, which seeks, through Scientific Methodology, to propose the Method.With the systematization of official data, the Municipality's Territorial Origin Investigation Method provides a secure basis for Multitemporal and/or Multiscale Cartographic Representation that enables an analysis of the spatial dynamics investigated over time and supports more assertive responses to various Territorial’s questions related to spatial dynamics in Brazil.

Brasília has been geographical since its inception. Its location was studied and chosen. As well as being appropriated by the population as a place of life, resistance and demands through art. Urban art is present in the graffiti painted on the walls. And in Superblocks this type of urban art is present in an unusual form, the power boxes that were appropriated by graffiti artists. However, surrounded by residential blocks, these works of urban art are invisible to the general population. Therefore, we propose online mapping integrated with photographs of graffiti, and the development of visiting routes for bicycles users. We identified 86 graffiti in the Superblocks of North Wing and South Wing, which were photographed and mapped using the online tool Google Mymaps, as well as creating five visiting routes for bicycle use that can be used as an online itinerary also. 

This research aimed to present the importance of interpretive field trails and it’s practice, as a didactic resource to teach the Cerrado’s subject in High School, as well as the issues that characterizes the Cerrado in the physical-natural components of the geographical space of Federal District, in particular, the geographical configuration of the Bothanical Garden of Brasília, locality chosen for the exercise of this fieldwork, as a guided interpretive trail. The research was developed and guided by me, as a teacher of the classes, by active methodologies, using the interpretative trails, to fill the script, elaborated, applied and analyzed in the results of this work. The fieldwork was carried out in pre-field (classes and research with Cerrado as the theme), field (field trip to the Botanical Garden of Brasília, with a guided interpretative ecological trail and, filling and explanations over the roadmap) and post-field (discussions and roadmap closure on group conversations). We opted for qualitative research, by means of elaboration, application and analysis of the field script, with the goal of leading students to “read the environment” from a geographical perspective, with location, description and analysis of the visited area.The location element was performed with the use of smartphone apps, for locating and reading of quantitative environment data. So far, the description addresses characteristics related to relief, soil, climate, hydrography, flora and fauna of the visited region; as for the analysis, it was observed in field environmental changes and human action; and finally, the students photographed what they saw using their smartphones and in the post-field, they selected the image that they elected the most significant for the visited phytophysionomy and made a drawing of what they remembered having found in field. Thus, the fieldwork fulfilled the role of leading students to understand the environment which they live and interfere through their actions, in addition to awaken students, through pre-field studies, the field itself and post-field reflections on environmental issues interfere in their living space.

The main goal of the following investigation is "To evaluate the reach of the land use planning model in the post-earthquake Portoviejo canton, by means of the comparative of the municipality legislations which have been defined between the process of the city urban development itself". The investigation process starts with a descriptive-and-explanatory methodology to identify the territorial management policies and instruments applied in the in the recovery and rebuild of the Portoviejo canton after the 2016 earthquake. An analytical investigation process was implemented in the evaluation of the goals, objectives, and projects included in the currently development plan and land use planning of the Portoviejo canton. And analyzing too, its concordance with the objectives set out in the National Territory Strategies. Which determine the impact, influence, incidence, and contradictions in the implementation process of the development planning and land use planning model. Both qualitative and quantitative process are claimed to be the main articulation on this research methodology process. Within the territory studied, the research concluded that the average lowest indicator was the "GIS". It indicates the lack of access to it by the Portoviejo canton community; and the misperception of the benefits of the geographic information systems by them and the politicians. Being that land use plans, in hand with the community and using GIS, can be developed to improve and promote the recovery of the Portoviejo canton. This study also claims that the research alignments here discussed have the potential to be the focused right actions to ensure the effectiveness of both the policies and the land use planning instruments enforcement. Which helps avoiding politics contradictions, and in the other hand, prioritizing the goals, objectives, and projects that progressively contribute to improving the recovery of the Portoviejo canton, reducing the damaged impact caused by the earthquake.

Brazil is a country of great territorial dimensions and is considered to be a forest country for having 58,5% of its territory covered by forests, being the second country in the world in terms of forest areas, losing only to Russia. It presents six biomes with different biogeographic characteristics and areas of high economic potential. The conservation of Brazilian forests provides quality of life to the populations who live in their surroundings and stimulates the formal economy by providing products from managed forests. Considering the wealth of Brazil‟s forest areas and the importance of maintaining and conserving these areas, Law number 11.284, which provides for the management of public forests for sustainable forest management, was instituted on March 2nd, 2006, created the Brazilian Forest Service and generated the possibility of granting public forest areas for sustainable forest management. Since 2007, the federal government has granted companies and communities the right to promote forest management for the production of timber and non-timber forest products and to offer tourist services in previously chosen areas. Currently, 1.307.677,14 acres are under concession, with ongoing concessions in the states of Pará and Rondônia and with the expected start of activities in four forest management units in the Amapá National Forest. The first forest concession in the country had its contract signed on October 16th, 2008 and operations began in September of 2010, in the Jamari National Forest, in Itapuã do Oeste, state of Rondônia. Considering the end of the first decade of public forest concession implementation, it is extremely important to verify how the concession in the region evolved during this period. For that end, this research aims to describe the public policy of forest concession and analyze the progress of the modality in the first area granted in the country.

This study focused on the teaching of Geography developed in a full-time High School Center (CEPI, in Portuguese) located in the municipality of Formosa (state of Goiás, Brazil), in order to understand its dynamics and to what aspects it was related, focusing on the way in which the implementation of full-time in the institution had repercussions on the teaching-learning process of Geography science, its potentialities and in the way in which the Brazilian High School Reform can affect it. The interest in the subject was initially given by the identification of a differentiated teaching of Geography, apparently made possible by the dynamics of the teachers' work and by a curricular organization that allowed the expansion of times, spaces and learning opportunities. Subsequently, in addition to the perception of the permanence, until the present day, of inadequate practices in the scope of this discipline, the interest expanded with the imminence of the implementation of the new Brazilian High School in the institution, which indicated the dismantling of this work and such organization, mainly through the release of the offer of Geography throughout the course and the proposal of organization by knowledge area, which could narrow it and affect the formation of students. In methodological terms, this investigation is characterized as a qualitative case study, whose data and information collection techniques were bibliographic research, exploratory research, documentary research, interviews by guidelines and questionnaire; the analysis techniques were content analysis and the data source triangulation technique. The study confirmed the thesis defended in this work, that times, spaces and practices are fundamental dimensions and that influence the teaching-learning process of Geography, for being both horizons of possibilities (facilitators) as limitations (inhibitors) in this process; therefore, structured times and spaces, endowed with educational possibilities, and potent practices contribute to the formation of students. In the case analyzed, the evidence revealed that the dynamics of teaching work, guided by the theoretical methodological assumptions of the Historical-Cultural and Critical perspectives of education is related to their personalities/profiles (conceptions, proposals, practices) and to the way in which the institution's education model is implemented (structured and qualitative expansion of school times and spaces), which has had repercussions on the expansion and qualification of the teaching of Geography, especially through the exclusive dedication and multidisciplinary action of teachers, the interconnection between the curricular nuclei, the expansion of teaching-learning opportunities and powerful practices, although this model has a perspective and organization that intensify and precarious the work of the teacher. The results also showed that, in Goiás, with the Brazilian High School Reform (neoliberal reform that attacks science, weakens basic education and causes the dismantling of this stage), Geography lost time/curricular space, retreated and suffered the emptying of its theoretical methodological framework. The new State Curriculum and the new organization of CEPI manifested the intensification of teaching work, the loss of disciplinary identity, the narrowing in the teaching of this science, impoverishment and formative damage, which compromises the development of students, especially in the process of understanding the contemporary world in its complex spatialities and the construction of citizenship and humanity of these individuals

Brazilian environmental legislation provides general rules for environmental protection, conservation, and recovery. One of them is the Brazilian Forest Code - CFB (Law 12.651/2012), which establishes Permanent Preservation Areas - APP; the Legal Reserve - RL; Restricted Use areas; the Rural Environmental Registry - CAR and associated tools, such as the Environmental Regularization Program - PRA and the Environmental Reserve Quotas - CRA. Although, in theory, Brazilian legislation is advanced, its application and effective compliance are insufficient in several aspects. The Forest Code, of 2012, advanced in the sense of establishing tools to improve the monitoring of the environmental suitability of rural properties in Brazil. Among these, the CAR stands out, which is an electronic register of the main environmental attributes of rural properties. According to data from the Brazilian Forest Service - SFB (2022), adherence to the CAR is approximately 6.9 million properties, which corresponds to 80% of the area estimated to be eligible for registration. With this adhesion, an improvement in compliance with environmental legislation is envisaged, since standards were established for environmental recovery such as the PRA, and compensation such as the CRA. The CAR concentrates relevant environmental information such as APPs and RLs from most rural properties in Brazil, for this reason it constitutes a relevant database for environmental management. These data, when crossed with other bases, can generate information for knowledge of the environmental situation of Brazilian biomes, such as: the importance of RL and APP in the conservation of native vegetation and in the maintenance of the landscape structure; the identification of the land tenure structure of the biomes and the establishment of relationships with the percentage of native vegetation; the simulation of implementation scenarios of the environmental recovery foreseen in the PRA. This research, developed articles format, has five manuscripts. The first work focused on the evaluation of Brazilian environmental legislation and on the potential contribution that the CAR and the CFB have for the reduction of environmental degradation. The second manuscript addressed the evolution of Brazilian environmental legislation in the last 20 years, associating the main milestones and CAR numbers, with the percentages of deforestation in the Cerrado. In the third article, having the Federal District -DF as a study area, a model was built, and a simulation of different scenarios of environmental recovery of APP and RL was performed. The fourth work comparatively evaluated the importance of RL in the landscape structure in Brazilian biomes and studied the pattern of land use and cover within the land size structure based on the properties declared in the CAR. In the fifth manuscript, an analysis was carried out on the area that is in the CAR, but that should not, for example: land houses registration in conservation units that do not admit private domain - and identified voids in the CAR, that is, areas that do not have restriction of registration, but which have not yet been registered. Conducting the research made it possible to verify the importance of the CAR for environmental management, implementation of the CFB and for achieving environmental compliance in Brazil.

Water resources and forest phenological studies are extremely important for understanding various natural phenomena such as climate change, hydrogeomorphological dynamics, environmental conditioning and resource management. Inserted in the water dynamics, the floodable areas are present that are intrinsically linked to the maintenance of biota and fauna in Brazilian biomes. In this context, products derived from remote sensing have been widely used for the analysis and monitoring of floodable areas, mapping of land use and occupation and phenological dynamics due to their environmental importance. Synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images are potential products as they do not present atmospheric interference, however, they require several initial treatments, defined in pre-processing, in order to obtain a better extraction of information from a given area. In this sense, this research aimed to apply deep learning techniques using time series processing algorithms of satellite images based on neural networks for extraction and identification of floodable areas, water bodies and forest phenologies in areas of cerrado, Amazon rainforest, mangroves, agricultural crops and floodplains. The present study was divided into three main chapters: (a) metric and statistical analyzes of spatial filtering in Sentinel-1 SAR images of Central Amazonia, Brazil; (b) Sentinel-1 SAR time series analysis in floods in Central Amazon; and (c) phenological classification of forest, mangroves, savannah and flooded vegetation of the Amazon biome through comparison of LSTM, Bi-LSTM, GRU, Bi-GRU models and machine learning models based on Sentinel-1 satellite time series . The methodological steps were different for each chapter and all presented precision and high metric values for measurement and analysis of water bodies, flooding and forest phenologies. Among the filtering methods analyzed in the SAR image, the Lee filter with 3 × 3 window presented the best performance in reducing speckle noise (MSE equal to 1.88 and MAE equal to 1.638) and low value of contrast distortion in the VH polarization . However, for the VV polarization, different results were measured for the analysis of the speckle noise reduction, where the Frost filter with 3 × 3 window presented the best performance, with a low value for the metrics in general (MSE equal to 1.2 and MAE equal to 6.28) and also a low contrast distortion value. By presenting the best statistical values, the median filter with 11 × 11 window in the VH and VV polarizations can be used as an alternative filtering technique in the Sentinel-1 image in the two polarizations. The flood areas measured in the VH and VV polarizations showed a strong correlation and no statistical significance between the samples, assuming that both polarizations can be used to obtain the flood pulse and map the dynamics of the flooded areas in the region. Because there are no Sentinel-1 images prior to 2016, when extreme LMEO events were greater than 100%, it was not possible to delimit the LMEO using SAR data. Some areas along the coast and rivers have temporal backscatter signatures that show transitions between terrestrial environments and areas covered by water. The temporal variation of backscatter from higher to lower values indicates erosion and progressive flooding, while the inverse indicates terrestrial increase. The Bi-GRU model showed the highest overall accuracy, precision, recall and F-score in both individual polarization and combined VV+VH polarization. The combination between the polarizations provided the best results in the classification and the VH polarization obtained better results when compared to the VV polarization. The present study attested to the adequate methodological procedure to measure the areas of water bodies and their flood pulse, as well as obtaining the classification of phenologies with high precision in the Central Amazon by means of deep learning from a time series of Sentinel-1 SAR images.

This thesis aims to investigate how translocality is reflected in the identity construction of Palestinians and descendants of Barra do Garças-MT, as well as to understand the diasporic process and the socio-spatial strategies shared in mobility. The Zionist political movement founded the State of Israel on May 14, 1948. This event marks the catastrophe (al-Nakba) and the beginning of the Arab-Israeli war that led to the expulsion of thousands of Palestinians. Other subsequent events, such as the occupation of Palestinian territory by the Israeli army in the 1967 war, combined with socioeconomic problems, led to the emigration of waves of the Palestinian population to several countries in the world, called the diaspora. Many came to America. In greater quantity for Latin America, especially for Chile and Honduras. In Brazil, the Palestinians were concentrated in some states, among them, although in a reduced proportion, in Mato Grosso. In Barra do Garças, a group of Palestinian Muslims arrived in the 1950s. They settled in the center of the city, where they crystallized as a place to work and live. This research is based on the post-structuralist philosophical current, on the ethnogeographic method, and, mainly, on the concepts of identity, diaspora, and translocality. Research data were obtained through exploratory field research, followed by in-depth interviews, in person, with a previously established schedule, identification questionnaire, participant observation, documentary research, and photographic register. The results show that the diasporic character is revealed in the scattered family, in which at least one member resides in other countries or states, without, however, losing the importance of locality in people's lives. It was concluded that Palestinians identify both with Brazil, for which they have a sense of belonging, and with their place of origin in Palestine/Jordan. This identification is built and sustained by family values, religion, Arabic language and travels to water the roots and keep the diaspora alive. This link intensifies with a kind of transitory return, of “going back and forth”, without, however, losing the idea of a return to an imagined homeland. Identity is thus constructed and fed back by materially or abstract mobility in which various bonds are maintained that connect them in a rhizomatic system, which results in a different type of identity, the translocal identity.

The understanding of the evolutionary dynamics of fluviokarstic systems is essential for the implementation of measures for the conservation of the speleological heritage. Thus, this study aimed to analyze paleoenvironmental dynamics of dry valleys in the karst of the environmental protection area headwaters of the red river-APANRV in Mambaí-GO. In this sense, it was necessary to apply several analysis techniques such as granulometry, morphoscopy, geochemistry (ICP-OES), mineralogy (X-ray Diffraction), stable isotopes (δ13C), morphology, faciological analysis, dating (Optically Stimulated Luminescence –OSL, Carbon 14) in addition to the application of shallow geophysics (GPR). Initially, a theoretical review was carried out focused on the concept and studies in dry valleys in karst and possibilities, as well as studies of Brazilian fluvial deposits that used dating methods (OSL and Carbon 14). The results showed several depositional facies whose ages reached a maximum of 23 thousand years, however the fluviokarstic transitions with abandonment of dry valleys occurred in the Quaternary. The correlation of ages with regional studies showed an intimate relationship between past climatic events and fluviokarstic processes. The depositional dynamics together with the interpretation in the landscape allowed to propose evolutionary models for each dry valley studied, demonstrating the depositional phases linked to the fluviokarstic transition process. The valley-level GPR profiles demonstrated the limits of filling dry valleys with fluvial deposits. The understanding of the evolutionary dynamics of karst environments permeates the study of their various typical features, such as dry valleys. Thus, this study aimed to contribute to a better understanding of the complex evolution of karst landscapes, which have a great capacity to protect sediments that can be used in paleoenvironmental studies that allow understanding possible future scenarios.

Nitrogen is an essential element for the development of biodiversity. In the last 100 years its natural cycle has been altered, leading to the formation of new speciation, with the increase of anthropic activities, especially in the energy sectors, food industry, as well as, with the activities of land use change. With this change, several ecosystems around the globe suffer from the imbalance of the added rates of reactive nitrogen (Nr). In this study, NASA's GIOVANNNI data & Science database was used, where the spatial and temporal variability of the concentration of the reactive nitrogen dioxide (NO2) gaseous species for the Cerrado biome in the years (2012 and 2020) and two specific areas, called Cerrado Norte and Cerrado Sul, due to the meteorological variables of temperature and precipitation in the same period. The analyzes showed more intense NO2 concentrations in the dry season in the Cerrado Norte, contrasting a strong relationship with the change in land use in the region, with concentration values around 7.74e+15 of the total column in the years 2012 and 6.70e+15 of the total column in the year 2020. In the Cerrado Sul, the concentrations for the same period were, respectively, 1.56e+15 and 3.46e+15 for the years 2012 and 2020. For both years there were strong correlations between NO2 concentrations and high temperature and precipitation rates. However, the results show that the nitrogen supply in remote areas presents an imbalance in its natural balance, influenced by several emission sources in the Cerrado biome, especially with the intensification of agricultural activities.

This work aims to demonstrate the feasibility and application of Remote Sensing with free satellite images in the process of monitoring and inspecting the works of power generation plants in implementation, based on a pilot project under development at the National Electric Energy Agency. The results obtained indicate the potential for enrichment that the use of images brings to the control processes in the Public Administration, to the strengthening of accountability in the public sector and to the positive effect of digital transformation as a simple and modern inspection tool, providing economic and efficient external control in public administration.