Verb sequences in Apyãwa language: a case study
Apyãwa; Tapirape; Verbal Sequence; Grammaticalization; TAM; Serial Verbs; Auxiliaries; Indigenous Languages.
In this work, it is under investigation a verbal sequence from Apyãwa (TupiGuarani Family), which presentes itself under the structure PERSON-V1-V2, being V1 any lexical verb and V2 a small group of verbs that generally manifest aspect or modality semantics. The verbs are: kwaaw ‘to know’; patar ‘to want’; paw ‘to complete’/‘to finish’;and kato ‘to be beautiful’/‘to be good’, which also expresses that the action was carried out with a high degree of efficiency. The study was made under the Functionalism view, and, due to the pandemic period we passed through, fieldwork was not possible. Therefore, data used were extracted from Praca (2007). In this text, the concept of grammaticalization was explored and, within it, questions related to the morphology of TAM. A continuum of grammatical integration was also presented as well as a distribution of the different types of clauses – from maximum coordination to maximum integration – was proposed on the axis of this continuum. On the topic of the Apyãwa language, a brief historical presentation was brought about Apyawa people, which was followed by the description of the language structure. Finally, the phenomenon under study, the verbal sequence, is exposed. It is made data analysis and, in order to demonstrate that the sequence does not admit elements between one verb and another, forming the verbs a single clause, declarative and negative clause were contrasted and examples that demonstrate that a verb is not an argument of the Other were presented. After all these steps, the common characteristics found were condensed, which are: a) the sequence composes a mono-clause construction; b) all verbs occur in the language also as full verbs; c) one verb is not other's argument; d) all verbs have TAM semantics. After all this, it was observed that the grammaticalization process is acting on the verbs of the sequence, gradually transforming them into auxiliaries specialized in TAM morphology. It is necessary to emphasize, in relation to the characteristics of serial verbs and auxiliaries, that na absolute categorization is not possible due to the the nuances of the continuum of grammatical integration and the different authors’ definitions about what is a serial verb or an auxiliary. As the material related to verbal sequences has not been exhausted, it is hoped that this dissertation opens doors for future works about the subject.