Lexical collocations in close languages: proposal for a Portuguese-Spanish pedagogical glossary
Collocation. Phraseology. Bilingual Phraseography. Brazilian Portuguese. Spanish as a Foreign Language.
The lexical collocations of the Portuguese and Spanish languages constitute the research object of this thesis. As preferential and intersubjectively shared lexical combinations, they are part of the spontaneous discourse of a linguistic-cultural community and compose the lexicon as conventionalized and frequent pluriverbal units, with combinatorial restriction anchored in the tradition of use, total or partial compositionality and syntactic-semantic stability, despite of potential variation. In this thesis, we focus on the simple collocations of the general lexicon and of the verb-nominal type, that is, those non-specialized collocations formed by a noun (node/base) and a verb (collocate). The following combinations are examples of verb-nominal collocations: “fixar o olhar” (port.) = clavar la mirada (spa.); “nascer/raiar o sol” = salir el sol ou despuntar/rayar el alba; “ficar com/em/na dúvida” = quedarle/planteársele/asaltarle una duda. This research, with qualitative methodology, descriptive-analytical and interpretative methods and with quantitative support of software specialized in corpora management, has as its general objective the elaboration of a bilingual pedagogical glossary of Portuguese-Spanish verb-nominal collocations aimed at Brazilian learners of Spanish. To this end, we have the following specific objectives: (i) carry out a survey of collocations and of their respective contexts in Portuguese and Spanish, using the Sketch Engine program, in a specific corpus for each language: ptTenTen18 and esTenTen18; (ii) analyze and discuss characteristics and particularities of the collocations of both languages, especially the verb-nominal ones, based on the comparative study of these phraseologisms and with contributions from the specialized bibliography; (iii) investigate specificities of verb-nominal collocations in relation to other types of word combinations; (iv) establish parameters and criteria for the macro and microstructure of the phraseographic product that contemplate, on the one hand, cohesion and linguistic-scientific adequacy and, on the other hand, materiality and pedagogical adequacy. We founded this investigation essentially on Corpas Pastor (1996, 2001), Koike (2001), Pejovic (2010), Tagnin (2013, 2016) and Carvalho (2017). To understand the collocational phenomenon and identify, describe, and analyze the collocations and their contexts of occurrence in both study languages, we used perspectives of Phraseology and Corpus Linguistics, and for the elaboration of the proposed material, we also consider Phraseography and Pedagogical Lexicography. The elaborated glossary presents 100 (one hundred) entries, which gather, in their totality, _n._ collocations in Portuguese and _n._ corresponding collocations in Spanish. The lemmas are constituted by the nodes of registered Portuguese verb-nominal collocations, and, in the microstructure, their most frequent collocates are presented, examples in the mother tongue of the target audience, collocational correspondence and exemplification in Spanish, markings of diaphasic and diatopic variation, verbal agreement and heterosemanticity, in addition to linguistic-pedagogical notes and cross-references. Verb-nominal collocations have several formal, semantic, and pragmatic similarities and differences between Portuguese and Spanish, concerning aspects such as lexical-grammatical selection, order, agreement, regency, construction of meanings and degree of formality. We intend that the results of this work effectively contribute to the learning and teaching of this type of lexical unit and to the advancement of phraseological and phraseographic research centered on our study object, especially in Brazil, where there is still a considerable lack of literature regarding the collocations.