This dissertation aims to investigate the labor experiences of indigenous colonial residents of the towns and villages of the Captaincies of Pará and Maranhão, during the Pombaline Directory. To this end, the regulations that regulated the labor regimes of the State of Grão-Pará and Maranhão in the eighteenth century were investigated: the Royal Provision of September 02 (1684-1755), which regulated private administrations; the Regimento das Missões (1686-1755), which guided the missionary villages; and the Diretório dos Índios (1755-1798), which established the guidelines for Amerindian labor in the Pombaline settlements. The population maps sent by the governors of the Captaincies to the Portuguese Crown in the second half of the 18th century were analyzed in order to determine the number of indigenous workers involved in the colonial work of the Amazon Valley. Finally, thirteen original requests for freedom were examined (seven from Pará and six from Maranhão), which are available in full through the Projeto Resgate domain of the National Library. In each of these requests, the indigenous applicants used metropolitan legislation and instruments to obtain greater freedom of work, housing and movement. These sources also demonstrated the use of the Amerindian applicant's own historical experience - as a recently converted Catholic, economic agent of the State and border demarcator - to defend his claims in the pact of loyalty established with Lisbon, in clear evidence of adaptive resistance. It was concluded that the regulation most used by the Amerindians in their requests was the Law of June 6, 1755, and that the final decision of the Overseas Council on these requests was intrinsically connected to the Pombaline reforms of secularization and centralization of indigenous labor in the towns and places of the Pombaline Amazon Valley.

This research investigates the phenomenon of authorization of fictional discourse in Umberto Eco’s The Prague Cemetery (2010), based on the reflexivity mobilization of the past. It is structured around three main axes, each developed in a separate chapter. The first focuses on the construction of the effect of verisimilitude within the plot, grounded in 19th century social and literary paradigms. The second draws on the novel’s initial reception, which was crucial for the validation of those effects of verisimilitude. The third chapter, finally, discusses The Prague Cemetery in relation to the theoretical and literary dimension often labeled “postmodern,” particularly in regard to its warnings about the relativization of the past in narrative. The aim is to integrate the literary strategies employed by the author with his intellectual work, the controversies surrounding the novel’s reception, and the ethical commitments underpinning his public activity—understood here as interconnected mechanisms through which the book asserts its authority

The experience of indigenous peoples, after the invasions of 1500, in the territory that is now known as Brazil, is marked by a series of violations against their lives and territories. The practices established over these 525 years took on multiple forms, but shared a common purpose: the genocide of indigenous peoples. The Brazilian civil-military dictatorship (1964–1985) perpetrated a genocide that resulted in thousands of deaths, land invasions, destruction of villages, forced removals, torture, and murder of indigenous peoples. The National Truth Commission, created by Law No. 12,528/2011 and instituted on May 16, 2012, aimed to investigate the serious human rights violations committed by the Brazilian State between 1946 and 1988, with a special focus on the 21 years of the dictatorship. However, the CNV did not recognize the indigenous people killed during the dictatorship as political deaths. Understanding indigenous resistance to the dictatorship as a political act is essential to reflecting on possible forms of reparation for the affected peoples. The Waimiri Atroari were one of the ten peoples whose cases were investigated by the CNV and suffered, during the dictatorship, a genocidal process that resulted in the deaths of 2,650 people. In the present day, the continuities and resurgences of authoritarianism still echo and pose challenges to the implementation of full transitional justice for indigenous peoples.

The concept of history contains a constitutive antagonism: on the one hand, it refers to forms of knowledge that ascribe different meanings to the past; on the other, it designates a unitary human experience in time. My aim is to show that this inherent feature of the concept of history is as central to Adorno’s thought throughout the 1960s as his critique of fundamental ontology. From an introductory course on dialectics taught in 1958 onwards, Adorno began to focus on the concept of history both from the perspective of the analytical procedures of historical knowledge and from that of history as an overarching whole, encompassing a continuous sequence of events. This attention was sustained and deepened in his lectures on History and Freedom (1964–1965) and in Negative Dialectics (1966). My research examines this set of texts in order to show how a philosophy of history is centrally present in negative dialectics, the principal project of Adorno’s late work. Taking dialectics as a critique of the experience of modernization and of the universalization of the commodity form, Adorno argued that philosophical inquiry should focus on the dialectical structure of history, which he presented as a tension between the universal—embodied in the fetishized forms of capital—and the particular—the concrete experiences of individuals and social relations. This understanding of the dialectical nature of history as the expansion and reproduction of capital will be analyzed in light of Adorno’s view that Hegel’s diagnosis of the split between subjectivity and objectivity was his main philosophical point of departure. The purpose is to investigate how Adorno develops a speculative reflection on the dialectical nature of world history, even in a period marked by the decline of the speculative philosophy of history. Through an interpretation of the speculative dimension of Adorno’s thought on history, I examine how his model of negative dialectics critically engages with events such as the French Revolution and the Holocaust. Adorno treats both as expressions of the dialectic between progress and regression that transforms history into a transsubjective experience of time. My hypothesis is that Adorno articulates a philosophical critique of the history of capital.

This study analyzes the representation of Caldeirão da Santa Cruz do Deserto (1926-1936) by the Ceará press, specifically by the newspapers O Povo, O Estado, and O Nordeste. The main objective is to determine if these media outlets served as an ideological support for the destruction of Caldeirão. Caldeirão was a settlement located in the south of Ceará State, formed by peasant migrants from various states (Alagoas, Bahia, Paraíba, Pernambuco, Maranhão, Piauí, and Rio Grande do Norte). Under the leadership of a Black lay religious leader (beato), Caldeirão thrived in a self-sustainable manner, establishing a social model distinct from capitalism. Yielding to requests from local authorities, the State of Ceará sent police forces to destroy Caldeirão, justifying the action as a combat against “fanaticism” and “communism.” The research also investigates how Caldeirão da Santa Cruz consolidated itself as a legacy for the peasant class, despite having been subjected to years of silencing. This legacy is evidenced by Caldeirão's connection to the Assentamento 10 de Abril (April 10th Settlement) and by the pilgrimages held since the year 2000.

This research begins from the principle that the correspondence between members of religious orders and governors exposes both the friars and brothers’ strategies to gain protection, privileges and authority, and their shared values around justice and hierarchy. These social relations were marked by interests, conflicts and expectations that were both mutable and complex. This dissertation analyses the relationships between friars and brothers in the regular clergy and the governors and captains of the royal captaincy of São Paulo during the first half of the 18th century. The focus established for this study was the social and power dynamics within the correspondence sent by these clergymen to the governors, available at the São Paulo State Public Archives. The hypothesis of this work was that the dichotomy between “common order” and “disruption”, expressed in various ways in the documentation sent by the friars and brothers, reveals specific social and juridical aspects and logic that framed the colonial reality of the captaincy in this historical period. This dissertation first presented the social and political context of the São Paulo royal captaincy and the role of religion and of the regular clergy in the colonial period during the first half of the 18th century. Then, cases in which the clergymen acted as the accusers of various violent, abusive or injustice situations were analyzed. Finally, situations in which the clergymen were accused of committing those “disruptions” were examined. This study puts an emphasis on the complexity of the relationships built between those friars and brothers of the regular clergy among themselves and among political powers, by also focusing on social networks based on colonial hierarchies.

This study aims to understand the relationship between public health and the process of institutionalizing the Spiritist model of mental illness hospitalization in Goiás, based on the case of the Sanatório Espírita Antônio de Paulo Cançado, located in the city of Jataí. The institution was founded in 1966 by the Sociedade de Beneficência São Vicente de Paulo, which emerged in the municipality through the association of members of the Kardecist Spiritist movement. The institution was shaped by a context marked by the consolidation of philanthropic spaces in the state, the Kardecist Spiritist interest in issues related to mental illness, and the public health and social assistance policies in force in Brazil throughout the 20th century. Based on institutional documents, Spiritist periodicals, and narrative accounts, this research seeks to understand the historical parameters that defined the existence of the Sanatório Antônio de Paulo Cançado, its institutional contours, and the meanings attributed to the concepts that structured its operations. It is evident that the Spiritist group developed its own explanatory models regarding mental illness, demonstrating the ability to intervene in established norms, propose therapeutic policies and practices, manage psychiatric institutions, and mobilize various sectors of society, establishing partnerships with both public authorities and the economic sector. Finally, it is argued that the institutionalization of the Sanatório Espírita Antônio de Paulo Cançado took place in a context of growing State support for the executive decentralization of healthcare, through agreements with private entities, during the first third of the second half of the 20th century. This movement was accompanied by an expansion of the concepts of poverty and mental illness in light of urban hygiene, embedded in the Spiritist strategy of social legitimation and the affirmation of its practices through philanthropy. This study contributes to the understanding of policies concerning the construction of philanthropic institutions in Goiás and the consolidation of the Kardecist model of psychiatric care in Jataí.

Based on African and Afro-diasporic studies and Afrofuturism as an area of research and interdisciplinary action in studies of (or about) the future, this dissertation aims to analyze how Gustavo Pereira Marques, better known as Djonga, based on his albums Ladrão (2019) and O Dono do Lugar (2022), reflects, interprets and resignifies some historical experiences in his context as an Afro-Brazilian artist. Supported by the concepts of Ancestrality and Afrofuturism as plural movements and questioning myself about time and temporalities as markers of historical processes, I seek to understand how the artist Gustavo Marques is representative of the Brazilian Black Movement and how his production can be classified in the field of Afrofuturism by architecting possible futures, using a black cultural lens. I defend the notion that it is ancestry and Afrofuturism, through spiraling time, that allow Djonga to artistically move between the figure of a thief and that of the owner of the place, considered in this research more than the nomenclature of his works to be analyzed, but also an affirmation of himself and his intentions as a historical, cultural, artistic and political subject.

This study analyzes the debates and proposals surrounding eugenic sterilization in Brazil in four medical monographs from the 1920s and in the writings of Renato Kehl, considered the leading exponent of Brazilian eugenics and the father of eugenics in Brazil. To do so, it will be necessary to historicize the eugenic science developed by Francis Galton (1822-1911) in 1883 and its interpretive flexibility by intellectuals who adhered to Galtonian eugenics. Subsequently, we will examine the First International Eugenics Congress, held in London in 1912, and the presentations on eugenic sterilization at that event. Finally, we will engage with the historiography of eugenics in Brazil and what we identify as a common thread in the interpretations of eugenic sterilization. This historiography believes that this approach occurred only in the 1930s, with the supposed radicalization of the movement.

Brasília emerges in a strong modernization discourse time, which it would also be used as adriving force for national integration, in a period that many railways were already working andin operation for, at least, fifty years, most of them resulted from the large expansion occurredin the first two decades of the 20th century. In 1968 "Trem Bandeirante" ("Bandeirante Train")is launched, connecting the new federal capital city to Campinas (SP), offering passengersservice transportation once a week, crossing states of Goiás, Minas Gerais and São Paulo,working until 1992, when it was closed down. Realizing some apparent dormancy of brazilianand Brasilia's society about this train, this thesis starts from the assumption that movementsand decisions occurred in order to result in silencing about Bandeirante Train's journey and itsexperiences, and consequently, its own local and national society's rail memories, being thatactions as an effect of a large amount of actions and practices that somehow allowed itshistory and memories emptying, causing many oblivion issues related to it. From Brasilia'srailway planning documentation and newspaper records of Correio Braziliense it was able toprovide a context and discuss the new federal capital city along national railways theme, andsituate it about three object-groups narratives in this thesis: Brasilia residents, former railwayscompany workers, and Bandeirante Train passengers, all reports obtained under theconceptual postulates of oral history methodology. In this regard, it was possible to verify thepresence of diverse collective memories about Brasília's train, highlighting the existence ofexperiences and remembering in plural ways, as results of a multilayer formation process, justas individuals, groups, and other city integrating elements.

This research dwells about the prosecuted from Natividade, former northern Goiás, current Tocantins, between 1734 and 1850. At first gold mining was the main socioeconomical activity but by the end commerce, livestock and farmland were already established as money-making activities. Our aim is to analyze socioabilities and strategies done by African-related slaves born in Brazil. Once freed they had to overcome plenty of barriers that the hierarchical world that the ‘not captured’ had established. Slaves and emancipated slaves from Natividade mapped out micropolitical actions done day by day so that they could better their lives. This mapping occurred through a thorough study that involved juridical and ecclesiastical documentation data crossing inventories, testaments, baptism books and court cases to name a few; while looking at them both qualitatively and quantitatively. Plenty of people from Natividade during this era fought generational battles that bore results only currently. Most of the African people that went to Natividade were from West Africa, they were called Mina. African people go together in families or friendships and participated in religious brotherhoods to escape marginalization and allied themselves to other groups. Creole and some African women ascended socially. Miscegenation was a key element from Natividade where groups of black and brown people with diverse origins, qualities and conditions got together to form a society that valued their past, with slaves and freed slaves were social and historical actors.

This study aimed to analyze how samba artist Paulinho da Viola addressed various themes throughout his career that served as thematic axes of his work and expression of thought. Based on an analysis of his song lyrics, interviews and statements to the press, and audio and video recordings, I sought to interpret how samba, Carnival, Portela, and, above all, the legacy of Black samba artists, appeared in Paulinho da Viola's career. The hypothesis is that these themes structure his work and received special attention from the samba artist throughout his career, frequently appearing in songs, statements, and actions, with Paulinho da Viola defending the centrality of Black samba artists in the history of samba and Carnival and their contribution to Brazilian culture.

Between 1760 and 1761, the Third Order of Carmelites in Recife commissioned the workshop of João de Deus and Sepúlveda to produce a vast series of panels depicting episodes from the life of Saint Teresa of Ávila. Based on hagiographic engravings produced in Europe between the 17th and 18th centuries, these images underwent a process of iconographic adaptation to the colonial context. This research offers a comparative analysis of the paintings and their graphic sources, identifying ruptures, strategies of reinterpretation, and significant continuities that highlight the ingenuity of Recife’s artisans in responding to the demands of decorum and the devotional sensibilities of Portuguese America. The study also discusses the role of these images in the dissemination of Catholicism and the shaping of colonial society, contributing to the theoretical-methodological debate on sacred art and proposing an analytical approach attentive to the specificities of the Luso-Brazilian territory.

A broad debate on the moral and intellectual capacities of women broke out in Europe at the end of the Middle Ages. The Querelle des femmes calls into question the relative superiority or inferiority of the sexes and is the central theme of this research. Na example of how the quarrel took place outside the European context can be seen in the controversy involving two famous figures of colonial Mexico: Juana Inés de la Cruz (1648-1695) and Father Antonio Vieira (1608 -1697). This famous controversy began after the publication of a text written by Juana Inés in which she criticized a sermon given by Father António Vieira. The text inflamed a conflict that took place in the religious pulpit and was caused by a power struggle between clerical authorities who dominated the intellectual scene in New Spain. From this perspective, this research intends to analyze two texts that highlight the Querelle des Femmes: the Respuesta a Sor Filotea de la Cruz (1692), by Juana Inés, in which she presents a list of intellectual women to declare their right to write, and the Apologia a favor do P. Antonio Vieyra da Companhia de Jesu da Provincia de Portugal (1727), written by a cleric in Lisboa in defense of Father António Vieira. In addition, considering the subject of sexual politics, we intend to reflect on how Juana articulates a conscience in a tradition of feminist debates and inserts herself into the intellectual discourses of her time, demonstrating the fragility of the power of the hegemonic ecclesiastical elites of New Spain.

This dissertation has as a theme the analysis of the short stories "Singular Ocorrência", "Noite de Almirante" e "Capítulo dos chapéus" written by Machado de Assis in their original periodical publication. The objective of the dissertation is to execute a research upon vestiges which may have fertilized the creation of women so dissident over the ones found on the official sources, based on the evidences found within the analysys. The women portrayed by Machado de Assis are represented by Marocas, Marina, Sofia, Ignacia e Genoveva, each one of them provided with their own singularity, yet still united by the disparities regarding the social norms expected from the 19th century women. His stories have the characteristic of presenting male narrations. The analysis started with a detailed survey of the “Singular Ocorrência” short story, where we examined the dynamic between the characters Marocas and Genoveva, accentuating the way in which the author develops their characteristics and relationships. Thereafter, we discuss the narrative focused on the hat in "Capítulo dos chapéus" and how it reveals the social and gender complexities of the period. And, at last, in the short story “Noite de Almirante”, Genoveva returns to the spotlight as a way to illustrate that the women depicted by Machado de Assis assumed the responsibility for respecting their choices and desires despite how they were seen. The vestiges presented by the analysis lead upon incidences inside the "A Estação e Gazeta de Notícias" periodicals, of tangible facts which connected themselves with the stories.

This dissertation investigates the cosmopolitics of the Yawalapiti indigenous people, a historical analysis of the political organization of the Upper Xingu. To perform this analysis, the oral history methodology was used. Interviews were collected among the Yawalapíti and, based on their individual and collective memories, it is possible to understand how the culture and tradition of this people guide their political actions. The present research seeks to answer who are the Yawalapíti, what is the context of the Xingu Indigenous Land, as an ethnopolitical territory. Going through the social history and socio-cultural organization of the Yawalapíti people, through their sacred rituals, their social rules, the spirituality and ancestral customs of the people. Finally, we analyze the political history of the present time, portrayed in the current political context of the people.

The aim of this dissertation is to explain the process of wood production in the Lower Amazon river during the second half of the 18th century and the beginning of the 19th century, highlighting the indispensable role of indigenous work and knowledge in all stages of this process, which involved the recognition, extraction, logging and transportation of this raw material in the interior of Grão-Pará and between that State and Lisbon. In the wake of the theoretical framework of Amazonian history and the new indigenous history, this work is fundamentally dedicated to understanding how the extraction of different species of wood took place, its main purposes and the political environment in which production took place. It also intends to understand the impact that the systematic manufacture of wood had on the social conformations of colonial Grão-Pará, taking into account the labor employed and the importance that wood and its productives logics assumed in the domestic and foreign markets.

The purpose of this research is to examine the Superintendency of Development for the Northeast, SUDENE, as a mechanism for the development of Brazilian policy for the Northeast between 1959 and 1964, with economist Celso Furtado at its head. Seen as a problematic region, the idea of promoting it together with the state and federal governments and departments formed the Northeast Development Council CODENO internally in 1959 as the decision-making body for the program through a planned project. After it was set up and in the years that followed, SUDENE faced the threat of the Council's own internal interests and the participation of Brazilian politicians. It has also faced the intervention of the United States in setting up the Alliance for Progress program. In view of the unstable scenario of Brazilian politics, an examination of the records of the Concil’s meetings minutes and the newspapers Diário de Pernambuco and Jornal do Commercio located by PROCONDEL provides a basis for analyzing this process

The research presented is about the historical connection of two black women, set in the second half of the 20th century. These women, through their intellectual productions, uncovered other narratives, complementary and even contrary to those produced by white, Eurocentric and patriarchal logics. From their insertions in the intelligentsia, they shared a particular historical experience, having as their guide the developments of racism in the post-abolition period. In this sense, I will analyze these prohibitions that deal with his intellectual productions based on debates about race, class and gender. Maria Beatriz do Nascimento permeates the field of History. Carolina Maria de Jesus, from Literature. Thus, we have two intellectuals who experienced similar situations, given the historical conditions of black men and women in the country. Furthermore, it is certain that they made their experiences a construct of their intellectual production, constituting another way of thinking and writing history/literature. However, racial, gender and class prohibitions influenced the marginalization of their productions for several years, mainly with regard to cultural, racial and academic elites. In this way, conventional historical and literary narratives, resulting from asymmetric power relations in our society, silenced these bodies/subjects who questioned their constituted epistemes. It is known that Beatriz do Nascimento, with her productions, deterritorialized the quilombos in Brazil, establishing connections with the subjectivity of black subjects. Furthermore, it highlighted a historical continuity “from quilombos to favelas”. Carolina Maria de Jesus was an inhabitant of the Canindé favela (SP), where she wrote her best-known work, Quarto de Despejo (1960). Another possibility that can be seen centers on Beatriz do Nascimento's concept of transmigration, which makes possible an analysis of Carolina Maria de Jesus's compulsory migrations in different regions of Brazil, as well as a detailed look at her fragmentary written productions. Finally, I analyzed how the concepts and categories of gender, race and class can be read through her works, as well as her contributions to black feminist thoughts.

The story of Peroz, son of the last Sasanian emperor Yazdgerd III,, who fought in the resistance against the Arabs in Eastern Iran with the support of Emperor Tang Gaozong, was recorded by Chinese historians in the Jiu Tang Shu, the Standard History of the Tang Dynasty. Modern historiography uses this work as a simple source of information for an accurate description of the Late Sasanian Empire period, ignoring its context of compilation and the purposes of Chinese historians in writing it. In this study, I propose a different approach to the account about Peroz and the late Sasanians in the Jiu Tang Shu and question its political function in the book and its meaning for its authors, analyzing the purpose of official historiography in Chinese politics, the literate elites’ conceptions about their identity and the relations between Chinese dynasties and foreign peoples develop throughout the imperial period and intertwined in the official historiography discourse, as well as the political context of the compilers of the Jiu Tang Shu. We conclude that Peroz’s trajectory as narrated in the book reinforces the virtues of Emperor Gaozong and the authority of the Tang Dynasty as well as the superiority of Chinese civilization as a whole. The account also provides us with the imperial court’s view of Sasanian Empire and the Persian people, the criteria of political legitimacy that influenced the compilers’ judgments of the last Sasanian emperors, and shows us that, for the Tang, the end of the Sasanian Empire took place after Peroz’s death, not Yazdgerd III’s, as modern historiography proposes. The results of this research contribute to the study of Sino-Sasanian relations and their impact on the Chinese imperial court’s imagination of the Sasanian Empire.

In research on the aspects that impact students retention in higher education, responsibility for children is problematized as one of the factors that contribute to late completion of the course or to dropping out of university. This research, based on theoretical and methodological perspectives of Oral History, aims to identify the meanings of being a female, mother and university student, as well as the discourses that are present in the narratives and the meanings attributed to the experiences lived by them in the process of higher education. Interviews were conducted with student mothers from the University of Brasília, four of whom were beneficiaries of the Childcare Assistance Program (PACreche) and two of whom were beneficiaries of the Temporary Childcare Assistance Program (T-CRECHE). The narratives lead us to the discourses and practices that mark the experiences of these women in their higher education trajectory in relation to pregnancy, motherhood and caregiving, as well as the strategies they adopt and that enable the reconciliation of motherhood with the education process. Based on the data collected, I present the socioeconomic profile, the main forms of use of this assistance and data regarding academic performance. The results of this research indicate that the care function repeats the sexist patterns observed throughout history, given the clear gender demarcation that permeates the narratives, since women are still the main ones responsible for the care and upbringing of the child. Although motherhood is the common experience of these women, different meanings are produced depending on the contexts and the subjects. Thus, through oral history, we sought to understand the meaning of motherhood in the lives of the university narrators.

This dissertation investigates how Leolinda de Figueiredo Daltro, a teacher, indigenist and feminist, constructed her public image by “writing about herself” and using the press to publicize her political projects. The research analyzes her works “Inícios do Feminismo no Brazil - subsídios para a História”, from 1918 and “Da Catechese dos índios do Brazil. Notícias e documentos para a História: 1896-1911” (News and Documents for History: 1896-1911) published in 1920, the latter being a selection of newspaper articles, undersigned letters, declarations and minutes about her actions, in which she presents herself as a ‘capable, patriotic, heroine and dignified woman’. In order to broaden our understanding, we examine newspaper articles from the time that were left out of the compilation of her autobiographical works, allowing us to understand her content selection criteria. The research sought to highlight how Leolinda used these sources to shape an image of respect and win public and official support for her cause, using these fields of action to build a public image of herself.

This is a study of the networks of sociability marked by the actions of black subjects, focusing on the experience of José do Patrocinio Marques Tocantins (1844-1889) in the second half of the 19th century. In the press, the abolitionist movement, educational and religious institutions and so many other socio-cultural spaces, from the province of Goiás, we can identify black agencies, of freedmen, free or freed, contesting slavery and the practices of racialization and racism, as well as demanding fair and equal social participation. If among the enslaved population there was an understanding of their place as workers, albeit in a regime of maximum exploitation, this understanding was not restricted to this segment, since the dynamics observed between free and freed people show that the search for freedom as a right (beyond the abolition process) was not separate from the emphasis on work and education as effective possibilities for individual and collective improvement. While the ends and means of achieving abolition were being considered, aspects related to the shape of the nation after that moment were also being put into question. Thus, the press would continue to be one of the main bases for the demands and perspectives of the subjects who would occupy its trenches, projecting debates beyond national borders. The newspapers are, therefore, the main source used, and the analysis of the dynamics described, in the course of the emancipation and post-abolition fields, falls within the perspective of Social History.

Throughout the civil-military dictatorship in Brazil, the rights of indigenous communities

were continually disrespected. State policy, characterized by

disrespect and even open opposition to physical and cultural diversity, if

manifested itself through various forms of violence inflicted on these people. The goal

general objective of the work is to analyze the indigenous policy developed by FUNAI management,

during the years in which it was under the control of the civil-military dictatorship in Brazil,

considering the permanences and ruptures with the old forms of control of the people

indigenous people. The Krenak Prison was then created in 1967, a project institution, which came

consolidate a new form of indigenous policy, but which is influenced by other

periods, still bringing colonialism and assimilationism into their activities.

Indigenous people from various parts of the country began to serve sentences for two categories of

crimes: concrete crimes (provided for in the penal code); and subjective crimes (they hurt the

social moralism). Arrests also occurred to reprimand leaders

indigenous people, who stood against the political-economic attacks of the regime and who

they resisted the process of nationalization of their communities. So, the present thesis,

considered that the criminalization of indigenous people was used as an instrument

controlling and punitive, for the indigenous policy developed by FUNAI among the

1960s and 1980s.

Portuguese historiography on the Middle Ages often presents interpretations with political characteristics in which the centralizing royal project that developed at the end of this period stands out, culminating in the so-called Modern State, starting with the reign of King João II, the Perfect Prince. However, based on the proposals of the New Political History, it is possible to analyze the same period in a different way, against the backdrop of a society that was perceived as corporate. This approach will help us to better understand how the Perfect Prince ruled and whether his authority was, in fact, absolute and centralizing. Specifically, this study analyzes the political relations between the monarch and the council of Lisbon, using as its main source the letters sent by the king to the city council and the minutes of the Cortes.

With this thesis I intend to investigate the possibilities of female agency around the black associations of nineteenth-century Salvador, especially those that make up the network that radiates from the Irmandade de Nossa Senhora do Rosário das Portas do Carmo. Despite the statutory prohibitions placed on women in these spaces, it is possible to identify their actions inside and outside the door by comparing judicial and ecclesiastical documents with sources produced by the confraternity and other associations. In parallel with the histories of black women who appear to give meaning to order despite a certain invisibility, the trajectory of the brotherhood itself takes on contours that shed light on highlighting its presence, to the detriment of interpretations that insist on announcing its demise.

How did the Brazilian truth commissions - at both national and state levels - contribute to the construction of public truth regarding the recent past of the military dictatorship? The analyses presented in this thesis were based on the final reports of 16 Brazilian truth commissions. Given the extensive documentary locus, the focus of the investigation was delimited to the framing directed at a crucial issue within this type of body: the issue of fatal victims and the construction of parameters that define them. From this effort, it was concluded that the multiple phenomenon of the concomitant existence of truth commissions between 2011 and 2021 in Brazil - which came to be known as "comissionismo" - resulted in a polysemic narrative about this period. Thus, with regard to the figures of violence that feature in the reports, it was evidenced that while these commissions traversed the already established paths of recognizing individually identified victims, they also added new and unavoidable perspectives that fostered the expansion of understanding about this category, making room for victims considered in their collective character. It became evident, therefore, that the public truth that emerged from "comissionismo" was generated from multiple factors marked by the interactions between different political, social, and cultural signs, which define the complex State-society relationship.

This thesis aims to study the process of sacralization of the Christian aristocracy through speeches and court ceremonies during the reign of Juan II of Castile (1405-1454). We start from the assumption that nobiliary ceremonies were an essential part of a political model legitimized as divine in nature and experienced as political culture. However, the period selected corresponds to a phase of political turbulence that historiography usually describes as a moment of transition towards the definitive centralization of royal power against the centrifugal forces of the nobility. The richness and diversity of the documentary typologies produced at the court of Juan II, especially the chronicles and treatises of the nobility, which were used to build the corpus that supports this thesis, allow us to glimpse a different scenario in which the profusion of ceremonies was intended to sacralize the power of the higher orders of society, of which, the monarch was certainly a member. The intensity of these literary and ritual manifestations highlights the dynamic scenarios surrounding the control of power, with the strategy of political sacralization being an important tool in the struggle. In this sense, the trajectory of Juan II's famous privado, Álvaro de Luna, allows us to observe in detail a “process” of political sacralization and desacralization, the outcome of which strengthens the position of superiority of the Christian aristocracy.

This work investigates the political trajectory of Francisco de Brito Guerra, in the interim period that goes from 1831 to 1845, problematizing its relationship with the formation of the national state in Brazil and defending the thesis that, through the strategic occupation of legislative representation in Parliament, small provinces, such as Rio Grande do Norte, became agents in the construction of that same state. As such, it is the result of an effort that explores the socio-political relations between an individual, groups and areas of interest in the municipalities, provinces and the Court of Brazil. From the units that made up the Empire, we spatially cut Paraíba and Rio Grande do Norte in their internal realities, interprovincial disputes and in their relations with the Empire itself, envisioning this picture as a privileged historical landscape to observe the institutional political assembly and functioning that State in formation. From the point of view of the theoretical-bibliographic dialogues, we approach with special sympathy the literature that has been advocating the participation of territorialized individuals and groups in so-called marginal provinces in the history of Brazil, collaborating with the criticism of the historiography that conceived the formation of the national State a from the little or no participation of certain localities and the centrality of the interests of the political and economic groups accommodated around the Court, perceived as the center of political power. The historical sources mobilized to carry out the research comprise a vast prism formed by: newspapers, magazines, legislative annals, cartographic letters, trades, baptism books, tumble books, government reports, representations, written memories, projects, opinions, amendments, population maps, collection of laws, literature, correspondence, treaties of law, minutes, poetry and memorialistic productions. Such documents were subjected to a somewhat diffuse methodological treatment, composed of diverse collaborations, but with remarkable assistance from micro history, especially in its sense of modulation of the scales of observation and the analysis of individual trajectories, thought of as mechanisms capable of helping us. to answer the guiding problems of work. Our final remarks consider that provinces without so much political and economic projection, through agents and political representatives in the Court, like Francisco de Brito Guerra, kept their interests in Parliament audible, namely those related to: consolidation of their territories, their borders and limits, the decentralization in the administration of the State, the strengthening of the provincial and municipal powers, interests articulated with perennial attempts to expand its representation in the General Assembly and in the Senate for Life of the Empire.

The late eighteenth century was marked by a profound economic transformation for the richest farmers at Oeste paulista, Captaincy of São Paulo: if in the past they had an important role in the domestic supply of the colony, now, pushed by new governmental acts and also by a favorable international scenario, they finally became part of a more profitable sugar agriculture destined for export. Although these families quickly amassed enough wealth to sustain its mills and to purchase thousands of slaves, the high number of heirs could result, following inheritance laws, in the fragmentation of their property, directly impacting the social status recently achieved. In this context, working with sources such as local census, marriage registers, postmortem inventories and genealogies, this dissertation aims to discuss suitable weddings and testamentary strategies adopted during the rise of cane crops in the enriched vila of Itu, both having as its objective the best plan to maintain those families as members of the regional dominant class.

The Student Movement of the Federal Territory of Amapá is characterized by a history crossed by contradictions and complexities. Among these are the activities, during the military regime, of clandestine organizations and the main student body in the territory at the time, the União dos Estudantes dos Cursos Secundários do Amapá (UECSA). From the time frame of the Military Dictatorship, between the years 1964 and 1968, the objective of this dissertation is to investigate how the process of resistance to the military regime on the part of these organizations took place, including the UECSA, which despite having deliberate support to the coup, it was resisted within its own ranks. As a documentary basis, the survey published in 2017 of the Report of the State Commission for Truth of Amapá (CEV-AP), produced between the years 2013 and 2016, the unpublished file of the report, which includes the hearings and official documents that were provided by CEV-AP to carry out this research, in addition to personal records of collaborators of clandestine groups, public files and official documentation. Students in the Federal Territory of Amapá, for structural and cultural reasons, ended up having different reactions from the student movement in the rest of the country. They were actions in support of the military coup, with very restricted resistance cells.

This dissertation aims to examine the energy -industrial Geisel-Banzer agreement, signed in 1974, in the city of Cochabamba in Bolivia, in order to identify the main causes of its decline that led to the frustration of the ambitious integration process. The purpose of the two countries was the construction of an industrial center in the southeast region of Bolivia, financed by the Brazilian government, which, in exchange, would have the right to acquire part of that country's energy potential, especially natural gas. Based on this design, the research is divided into three chapters. In the first, it rescues topics of Brazilian foreign policy in the post-Second War that emphasized the primacy of the construction of the Brazilian industrial society, as well as the consequent demands for energy. Prioritizes, in subchapters, the analysis of Brazil in the Inter-American System (1945-1964); the conquest of the State in 1964 and its implications for foreign policy (integration and bilateral relations in the energy field); and the project “Brazil, a Great Power”: its emergence and sub-imperialism . The aim is to identify possible vices organically constructed by Brazilian politics and draw lessons that affected future initiatives aimed at regional integration. In the second, the Geisel era is presented, focusing on aspects of “Responsible Pragmatism”, the economic strategy of 1974 and the main challenge of his management: energy. Finally, the third chapter rescues the historical and contentious aspects of the Brazil-Bolivia relationship, notably marked by the negotiating presence of hydrocarbons: oil and gas, respectively. Soon after, the implications of the Roboré Agreement (1958) that contributed to its negative outcome and the interregnum of diplomatic negotiations (1972-1974), describing aspects that favored the signing of the Cochabamba Agreement and those that contributed to its failure .

The curiosity and the search for explanations of unknown phenomena is a trait present in a great part of the societies. Throughout human History, a vast number of thinkers, philosophers, scholars, religious people and even the “common people” asked themselves about the mystic, symbolic and natural elements of what they considered “wonderful.” The result is a substantial number, if not gigantic, of documents dwelling on the subject, in which are found written works, images, engravings and other accounts of all sorts, inspired by the mixed feeling of curiosity, wonder and even fear. In the present study, we analyze the book As Raridades da Natureza e da Arte, Divididas pelos Quatro Elementos, published in 1759 under de authorship of the Portuguese nobleman Pedro Norberto Aucourt e Padilha. It was published while the Lusitanian Kingdom faced changes in the intellectual and political scene, at the same time that they dealt with the social and material impact of the 1755 Lisbon Earthquake. This writer, which had already published other works, sought to compile some of the various accounts of the written and oral culture about monsters and wonders in one extensive work. While exploring the five hundred plus pages of the book, we seek to demonstrate not only the perspectives and discourses organized and written by the author. Our purpose is to understand how the tragedy of 1755, accompanied by the 18th century context that favored the study and the written culture, provided an increase in the interest of the Portuguese people to comprehend not only the marvelous and prodigious phenomena, but the organization and behavior of nature and the universe.

This dissertation aims to understand how the political culture of the military dictatorship era (1964-1985), with censorship, conservative modernization of the authoritarian regime, and the national-developmentist ideal impregnated in the filmmakers' perspective at the time of the first years in Brasília, influenced the production of films and the vision of these artists about the new capital. There is a theoretical debate among the main authors that will provide the basis and support for the arguments used in the dissertation, such as Michel de Certeau, Michel Foucault, and Stuart Hall. Based on this, it will be possible to understand the concept of systems of representation and how they are present in the narratives of the films about Brasília of that time ("Samba em Brasília," "Vestibular 70," and "Brasília Ano 10") and in the documents produced by the censors. Understanding how the dynamics between censors and censored artists and their artistic productions worked will be the guiding thread of the work since it will discuss the possible representations of what an ideal production about the new capital would be and what was considered a risky, "subversive" production, and how this is directly connected to a majority discourse about Brasília. The construction of these discourses about the capital will also be analyzed as a way of understanding why they arise and are important both for the Brazilian state and for the artistic producers of that time.

We carried out an analysis of the series of printed engravings, The Victories of Emperor Charles V. They were drawn by Maarten Van Heemskerck and Dirck Coornhert engraved them. This work was published three times, in 1556, 1558, and 1563 by the Antwerp printing house, Aux Quatre Vents, under the direction of Hieronymus Cock. The series is dedicated to Charles V's son and successor in the Netherlands, Philip II, and shows 12 of his accomplishments during his reign. According to our research findings, the engravings were based on the imperial repertory in order to create a triumph on six principles: mperium, translatio imperii, Holy Roman Empire, dynasty, war on unbelievers, and chivalry. We aimed to design the context/We attempted to establish the setting in which the construction of the printed material was validated. Therefore, we rely on the premise of communal production and the individual interaction of the network of printers' components with the senses moved by the series to accomplish this. At the same time, the effect of censorship, patronage, and antiquarianism of sculptures and sketches of ruins and buildings in Rome was accentuated in the establishment of space for print production and construction. The series was noticed to be in tune with the genre of triumph in the form of a rhetorical instrument based on a model representation of Carlist conquests that served as both an example to his successor and an assertion of his reign's legacy.

This dissertation aims to analyze and understand the cultural representations established in Taguatinga (DF) street markets and how they are responsible for building identities in the city's daily practices. These memory and affection relationships built in the space of the two fairs are also related to the process of occupation of Taguatinga (DF). The reflection on this theme will analyze the narrative of those who are part of Feira do Bicalho and QND (marketers and customers) with the aim of inscribing them within the process of historiographical writing. It is in this sense that Oral History is essential, where the speech of stallholders and regulars present different representations of the same space, the way in which they constitute and build their identities, showing what is significant to them. These interviewed stallholders are not observed separately from their environment, but are active agents and participants in an interview script that incorporates the experience. This more open methodology allows, through narrative, the search for details in the subjectivity of speech, which unfolds in other questions generating masses of memories that make up the analysis of this work, interpreting what was evoked at the time. And so, the uses of memory through Oral History allow access to the most sensitive dimensions of know-how, living and organizing the crafts that build the representations and self-representations of the stallholders. Based on the understanding that fairs are places of dense historical and social formations, encompassing a wide diversity of representations and identities, these processes are configured differently according to their local particularities and the cultural elements present there in the cities where they are installed. Therefore, since these two fairs in Taguatinga (DF) are formations based on different processes, which, like the other fairs in the Federal District, also need to be studied and represented under the narrative of the social actors that constitute them, they also open the possibility of understanding the formation of identities in these environments and how these individuals relate to the informality and occupation of public space in cities.

This work investigates The obsolescence of humans and the Theses for the Atomic Age, central writings in the work of Günther Anders, as part of the construction of a thought that seeks to analyze a new experience of time, coined in the possibilities of the end and extermination of the human species. Three axes concentrate these analyses: the proliferation of technical images, as a way of distancing humans from understanding their technologies; technological totalitarianism, seeking to show how distancing from this understanding leads to human obsolescence and totalitarian policies, which take advantage of the possible means for their overcoming; and, finally, an analysis of the possibilities of the temporal experience predisposed by Anders in the face of the Anthropocene. From these analyses, we seek to map images that define the experience of the end time and determine which imagination about the end is supported by them.

The creation of the figure of the "praças" in the Permanent Police Corps in the Empire had a clear objective: to maintain social order. The structuring of policing gained strength from 1831 with the establishment of the Municipal Permanent Corps and the process of creating penal and criminal codes. The aim of this research is to analyze the aspects of the lives of these workers, the praças, who served as frontline agents in policing the streets of the Court city between the years 1831 and 1850. Additionally, this study seeks to view the praças from a perspective that goes beyond seeing them merely as repressive apparatus of the state, but rather, to consider them as individuals with their own desires and aspirations, and to recognize their individualities.

This dissertation analyzes the text and the photographs in Tristes Tropiques (1955), with the aim of elucidating the discursive modalities that are articulated within it to account for Lévi-Strauss's experience with Brazilian indigenous peoples. Drawing from the tradition of the double livre in 20th-century French ethnology, the study seeks to address the construction of otherness in the book by exploring the use of poetic elements in scientific discourse, the question of authorship and subjectivity in autobiographical narratives, and the role of photographs in their relation to realism in anthropology. These mechanisms allow us to capture the functioning of a bricolage paradigm in Tristes Tropiques, operationalized by Lévi-Strauss under the tension between science and literature, with the purpose of synchronizing effects of presence and the expression of truth in contact with the other. 

The objective of the research is to analyze the chain of facts that led the United States to dictate an economic blockade against Cuba in 1962 and its political developments since, as well as to evaluate the reasons used for its imposition and permanence after the end of the Cold War. This paper was developed taking two periods into account: the democrat government of John Kennedy (1961-1963) and Bill Clinton (first term, 1993- 1997), both which differentiate themselves in relation to the international context (Cold War and the new world order post-1989), but do share the wish to provoke an economic collapse in the Caribbean country, to overthrown the regimen initiated after the Cuban Revolution. Despite having the same interest, these administrations stood out for different reasons: the Kennedy administration for declaring the blockade in the midst of the Cold War to contain the expansion of communism in the West, after Fidel Castro spoke about the socialist character of his Revolution; and Clinton’s first term for hardening the economic sanctions with the objective of transforming that Island into a liberal democracy just like the American democracy, after the end of communist scare with the USSR’s downfall. We sought to show that the relations between United States- Cuba are more complex and profound that just a mere misunderstanding between countries in the middle of the XX Century; these divergences had great influence in the American political actions on different periods, which led to the economic blockade. The hypothesis we approach is that, despite the justificative used to legitimate the blockade, the US government was always seeking out for a single objective, to overthrow Castro´s regime.

The present work was developed to understand the construction of the National Security Doctrine (NSD) and its operation within the institutions of the Brazilian state during the dictatorship, specifically within the surveillance institutions, when they began to persecute and catalog individuals labeled as subversives. This action, carried out by institutions through the National Security Doctrine, aimed to catalog potential insurgents who could pose a threat to the dictatorship, from the military's perspective, so they could be pursued if necessary. To do so, it was necessary to understand the origin of the NSD, which derived from the US strategy to deal with Latin America during the Cold War after the Cuban Revolution in 1959, when the Pentagon identified a new revolutionary modus operandi: guerrilla warfare. After recognizing this guerrilla strategy, it became evident that conventional warfare tactics were not the most suitable for dealing with the Americas. Thus, strategies involving psychological operations were employed to reinforce capitalist ideology in the region through coups and propaganda starting from 1960. However, to accomplish this, it was necessary to have knowledge of the region, and therefore, surveillance and information gathering became integral parts of the strategy, involving both military personnel in the region and intellectuals from American universities funded by the US military. The main outcome of these efforts to maintain capitalism in South America was the NSD, which entailed a complex surveillance apparatus spanning various state institutions, including the Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Itamaraty), which extended this surveillance system beyond national borders. However, a diplomat would act on behalf of this dictatorial state, using the prerogatives of their informant role in a controversial manner.

This dissertation investigates the Brazilian Land Reform Association’s political behavior (ABRA) from 1967 until 1988. The ABRA was created in 1967 for middle class professionals who demanded the implementation of land reform policy in the country. Since your foundation until mid-1980s, the entity based your actions on advocacy in the Land Statute, legislation approved by the National Congress on November 30, 1964. However, during the works of the 1987-1988 National Constituent Assembly, change your position. The study explores if the change in policy position of the ABRA was due the necessity to created one more new land reform proposal, able to add the main policy actors and social defenders of the changes in the country’s land structure.

The objective of this work is to assess the Brazilian government role while acting as an informal emissary of the United States of America in its conflictious relations with Cuba in the timeframe of the Cuban Revolution and the Cold War. It highlights the good offices provided by João Goulart’s administration, between March and April of 1962, as a request from the U.S. president John Kennedy, on behalf of the non-execution of Brigade 2506 members - a group of Cuban exiles detained by the revolutionary government, the year prior, after the failed invasion of the Bay of Pigs. At the time, faced with imminent negative repercussions, both internally and externally, namely, the North American public opinion exasperation in favor of more aggressive initiatives by Washington against Havana, and, the consequent reinvigoration of conflicts with Moscow in other regions globally, the White House would mobilize efforts in order to avoid the contingent’s execution. Brazil was appealed as an effort once the country maintained a correct relationship with Cuba, as one may say, due to the ongoing Independent Foreign Policy and the principles that came with it and helped in the advocacy for the country's international position. In this regard, this dissertation proposes an analysis of the episode, associating it with the Brazilian diplomatic propositions to the Cold War, in conjunction to its foreign affairs and, especially, aiming national goals. Moreover, also suggests the examination when it comes to the effects of said mediation to the status of bilateral relations with the United States government with the context of divergences fostered by Brazilian foreign policy, in particular to the regards the position on the alleged Cuban issue.

The excursionist associations that emerged in the former capital of Brazil, the city of Rio de Janeiro, can be considered the spaces in which the organized mountaineering was developed and institutionalized in Brazil, even though they were not strictly performing mountaineering activities. These groups, mainly formed by an urban middle class, whose practice is directly related to exuberant natural environments, advocated in different moments for nature protection and conservation. This work presents how, both collectively and individually, the excursionists advocated and worked in favor of nature between the 1940s and 1960s. The first chapter aims to understand the foundation of excursionist associations as part of a broader historical process related to amateur sports and nationalism. In the same chapter, the approach and involvement of excursionist associations with public authorities, such as the Federal Forestry Council and the Federal Forestry Service, are explored. The following chapters address the development and the intensification of the relations between excursionists and conservationists, as well as the progressive assimilation of nature conservation in the institutional documents of the associations. The research examines the records of the excursionist associations' bulletins and widely-circulation newspapers. During the research, there were found plenty of evidence that the excursionists were aware of nature conservation ideas. Furthermore, there was an active dialogue and incorporation of these ideas into their educational processes.

With the assassination of Jorge Eliécer Gaitán on April 9, 1948, the political conflicts in Colombia of the previous decades manifested themselves with greater intensity throughout the national territory, originating an escalation in the armed confrontation between the two traditional parties, which would eventually become an authentic civil war that would be recognized as the era of Violence. From literature a response to this moment is given, with the origin of a set of literary works that address, explore, narrate and interpret the events of this period receiving the name of the Literature of Violence. In this investigation, we will analyze how a specific work La mala hora (1966) by Gabriel García Márquez came to dialogue with this convulsed context, since Gabo presented to the public a fiction based on verisimilitude, on the identification of a particular theme and on the need to express a problem widely recognized by the reading public, with which his literary construction in the course of time became the "truth". Taking into account the above, the objective of this dissertation is to answer the question: how did the literary work La mala hora, as an aesthetic object, become credible, operating as a representation that configures some kind of knowledge within the narrative proposal of the novel of Violence in Colombia? In order to understand violence not as the direct protagonist of the narrative, but as a specter in social and cultural life, as well as to understand the possible relations of tension, contradiction, rupture or complement between fiction and the historical events that occurred in Colombia between 1946 and 1958. For this purpose, we will rely on the contributions of cultural history and the epistemology of romance, emphasizing the study of representations and the construction of credibility.

The research entitled Jaboatão uprising: the participation of railway workers from Great Western of Brazil in the communist insurrection of 1935 aims to analyze the local/regional elements and the internal dynamics of these workers in the period delimited from the analysis of legal proceedings by the National Council of Labor and the National Security Court, in addition to the records of these workers at the Department of Political and Social Order and the news published in Diário de Pernambuco and Diário da Manhã, two Pernambuco newspapers with large circulation at the time. This is, therefore, a research proposal in the field of Social History of Work from the Thompsonian perspective of history from below, which also seeks to highlight the identities of these railway workers, their individual and collective experiences, their political and social organization and the reasons that led them to join the revolutionary attempt of 1935.

The preface historique of the Description de l’Egypte, written by Jean-Baptiste Joseph Fourier, although
mentioned in discussions on orientalism, did not have its historical narrative properly analyzed. The
objective of this dissertation is, by looking at the history of Egypt narrated in the preface, to understand
what tools were used to write it, to discover the links between this narrative and the imperialist efforts of
Napoleonic France, and to understand what Fourier sought to do or propose in your writing. It is
expected to demonstrate, through the analysis of its production, its narrative and the similarities and
differences of the preface with other contemporary historical narratives, that the preface must be
studied as a document that presents many other possibilities in addition to being the representation
writing of orientalist genesis.

In 1973, Isaiah Berlin (1909–1997) published an influential article entitled CounterEnlightenment, which has since been the subject of considerable academic debate. For Berlin, the Counter-Enlightenment is represented by authors who opposed the exegesis of reason and other universalist aspects propagated by Enlightenment philosophes. In this study, therefore, we investigated the conception of Counter-Enlightenment outlined by Berlin and its influence on historiography. Our main objective is to analyze how and for what reasons Isaiah Berlin united under this term authors as diverse as the Neapolitan Giambattista Vico (1688-1744), the French Joseph de Maistre (1753–1821) and the German Johann Hamann (1730–1788) and Johann Herder (1744–1803). Furthermore, the legacy of Berlin's work is perennial in historiography, although there are criticisms of his work. In this sense, we scrutinized the reception of Berlin's article in historiography through the analysis of books written on this topic and articles published in international academic journals. If, on the one hand, there are authors who defend Berlin's postulations, even criticizing his mistakes, on the other hand, there are historians who pragmatically move away from this conception and argue that the CounterEnlightenment did not even exist. Therefore, we will investigate the manifestations contrary to the Enlightenment that occurred in the 18th century, represented by authors who called themselves anti-philosophes. Thus, our objective is to understand the dimensions of Isaiah Berlin's text in understanding the variations around modernity and its respective influence on historiography regarding this theme. In order to achieve these objectives, we will use Isaiah Berlin's extensive bibliography and his letters as sources, in addition to all historiographical production.

This research aims to understand how historical knowledge occurs on the web by analyzing the practices that aim to confer authority to the knowledge produced and communicated in the digital space. To this end, we focus our investigation on three history forums within the Reddit platform: r/history, r/AskHistorians, and r/badhistory, between 2008 and 2018. We consider authority as a social and historical phenomenon that presupposes a hierarchical dissymmetry accepted by everyone in the relationship, functioning as a meta concept, which means assuming that authority relations cut across historical knowledge, the latter also being inseparable from social practice. Following authority relations, we first address the hierarchical architecture of discussion forums and the systems that preceded it in the digital space. Then, we move on to understand Reddit as a platform, focusing on the dynamics of its technical sociability and the emergence of subreddits. From there, we will proceed to a deeper discussion about the concept of authority, exploring its historicity and possible transformations when inserted in the digital space. In the end, we engage ourselves in explaining what would be the process that creates and legitimates authorities in the history subreddits through the investigation of three structures that underlie this process: the user profiles, the tools and systems that organize the conversations in the forums, and the rules that address issues of production and monitoring of historical knowledge. The research indicated the complexity and plurality of the concept of authority in the digital space, mainly when associated with the construction of knowledge, highlighting, in particular, the protagonism of executive and non-executive authorities, which manifest themselves as operative authorities, epistemic authorities, among many others, which are related at all times. In this scenario, the history subreddits, by stipulating such relations between epistemic and operative authorities for the production of knowledge, sought stability, security, and intelligibility in an environment known to be open, unstable and contradictory, defending the maintenance of good methodological and theoretical practices in the forums, adapting practices very similar to those that characterize the work of historians. This panorama highlights the creative character of the concept of authority, which starts from the known to create something new. The web's transformation in the construction of historical knowledge takes place in this process of (re)creation adapted to digital materiality. Therefore, the way historians contribute to the web conversation is as important as the content they contribute, bringing to light the construction of epistemic authority through the structure of argument within the digital space.

The thesis aimed to investigate, through narratives from oral history interviews, the trajectories of training and professionalization of four classical guitar teachers in music courses at Brazilian federal universities, between 1976 and 2023. Questioning the history of occupation of spaces by women in music at federal universities, in the second half of the 20th century and the beginning of the 21st century, this research addresses the stories that these professionals, currently retired, bring about themselves. Although the initial project focused on a trajectory of university life and teaching from an approach focused on gender discussions, this problematization was extended to reflections through cultural studies and feminist historiography. From the concept of culture as something common, that is, as a way of life from the perspective of Raymond Williams (2011, 2015), the understanding of music as a space for the affirmation of women, guitarists and university professors, research participants, was consolidated and allowed for more in-depth analyzes of the processes of democratization of teaching and training in the field of music, specifically the guitar. It is therefore considered that, more than learning a trade, access to music constitutes a social practice represented in the life trajectories and university teaching of the four guitarists. These reflections, based on feminist historiography, reflect the political importance of the writing of women's history(s) by Joan Scott (1990); Michelle Perrot (1995); Maria Izilda Matos (2013); Rachel Soihet (1997), from self-reported sources. Knowing the stories that four women, guitarists, university professors bring about themselves, represents a new knowledge and the occupation of a previously silenced space. The trajectories of Brazilian guitarists, although they have common meanings, bring unique aspects that make each narrative unique. This research is based on, in addition to oral sources, the personal collection of guitarists such as printed sources, newspaper and magazine reports, imagery sources – personal photographs, artistic productions such as audio recordings, CDs made available by the participants themselves

The present thesis intended to investigate the relationship between Machado de Assis and History, in view of its significance for the History of Brazilian Historiography. For this, I began by highlighting the subjective aspect and the limits of my interpretation, which is characterized by the adoption of a perspective that privileges the concept of transparency as a methodological resource. Based on evidence present throughout Machado's work, I tried to demonstrate that History has a constant presence in the life and work of the Bruxo of Cosme Velho, and this presence was perceived and analyzed in different ways by many scholars of his work. By the way, it was precisely these divergent interpretations added to the perception of an ambiguous treatment – positive/eulogistic X negative/insulting – given to History by Machado that made me reflect on the function and meaning of History in his work. And from this reflection, I found that, among the functions that History plays in Machado's work, that of promoting "historical distance" and, consequently, historical-cultural relativization, is perhaps the most important, because in the performance of this function it serves as a heuristic and critical tool. With regard to the meaning of History in Machado's work, I defend the idea that the ostensive and constant presence of History in the life and work of Machado de Assis, characterized by its pragmatic use, is closely related to the existence of a cynical view of the world and History. A vision acquired from Machado's transit through History and his knowledge of this philosophy, which, in my opinion, characterizes his work with that skeptical-pessimistic tone, expressed, most of the time, in an ironic way or in a serious-joking way.

After the administrative act of March 17, 1855, a small fishermen's village became the new administrative center of the Province of Sergipe under the discourse of modernity and progress. Despite the structural and sanitary problems that it had until the end of the 1800s, the newly created Aracaju town had to be, at the same time, the political and economic center that the province needed. Besides urban transformations and the composing of social, economic and political strategies, it is also important to investigate how historical agents dealt with death in this world, emphasizing the ancient conception of a good death and the necessary material and spiritual means to guaranteeing it, as well as identifying the insertion of new funeral customs for the Brazilian reality of the second half of the 19th century. Therefore, this research focuses on the study of funeral rites practiced by the Catholic and free population of Aracaju/SE and its term in a time of high-spirited discussions about the secularization and medicalization of death. The work aims at the period between the transfer of the capital from the Province of São Cristóvão to Aracaju (1855) and the last severe smallpox epidemic of the 19th century (1896). Based on dialogues from several types of primary sources (inventories, wills, letters, provincial reports, newspapers, death records) and specialized bibliography, we sought to analyze the practices and representations related to death in this specific context, as well as the historical changes that Aracaju society faced during that period.

The present thesis is dedicated to understanding the connections between the medical profession and the Paraguayan War, investigating the diversities, conflicts and negotiations that were consequences of the approximation of civil and military professional realities. The hypothesis is defended that the conflagration was an exceptional moment to understand about to be a doctor in Brazil in the second half of the 19th century, a period deeply influenced by the War. This war was characterized by diseases, especially those of an epidemic nature on and off the battlefield, as key elements to be considered in the strategies formulated by the State and other authorities, as illnesses were the main causes of losses due to debilitation or death. Combating and preventing casualties were urgent objectives of the Imperial Government, as they affected the march and success of the armies, overloaded the public coffers and stained the conception of an enlightened and progressive nation that was constantly erected by the Brazilian State that wanted to promote national sentiment, so fundamental to raising symbolic and effective support for its positions and undertakings with the Triple Alliance against Paraguay. The concern with health and hygiene in war was motivated by the danger they would represent to public order, if they were exported from the battlefield, also because the mobilization to the south to help the Allied forces significantly reduced the number of doctors who took care of teaching and clinical care in the country. This scenario, which had other problems such as recruitment difficulties and constant desertions, was used by the Brazilian medical class, which was formed as such, as an argument in favor of its professional corporation. At the same time that these subjects were affected by the struggle, which highlighted dilemmas faced since the period prior to it and, likewise, launched new questions that put their usefulness and authority at stake, they took advantage of it to prove them to the State and other social groups in order to be able to intervene in the relationships they maintained with them. The production of documents was a widely used and evident tactic of movements that were, in essence, plural. From the scrutiny of ministerial reports, medical journals and the mainstream press, letters, correspondence, reports and memoirs, an analysis is produced here aimed at understanding the many perplexities caused by the rise of a War that lasted longer than expected and brought together different professional social realities. The narrative presented here focuses on understanding the consequences arising from these approximations, situating them in relation to how this structure worked in the period prior to the event.

This thesis examines Brazil's objectives in its relations with the Holy See between the amnesty for bishops in the Religious Question in 1875 and the elevation of D. Arcoverde to the cardinalate in 1905. To this end, diplomatic sources from the period contained in the Historical Archive were analyzed. from Itamaraty, legislative sources, parliamentary discussions and relevant periodicals from Rio de Janeiro. The conclusion reached was that the Brazilian objective with these bilateral relations was directly linked to the stability of internal politics and the legitimization of the current regime. Both the Monarchy and the Republic, the first contested in its final years, and the second in its initial years, sought the support of the Apostolic See to obtain the support of the national hierarchy and the obedience of the citizens. For the Bragantina Crown, the movement was timid and late, so that it was not able to reverse the deterioration of dynastic legitimacy. For the republicans, the rapprochement with the Petrina See extinguished the restorationist focuses of the ultramontane clergy and, at the end of the period under study, increased national prestige with the elevation of the first South American and Brazilian cardinal, Joaquim Arcoverde.

This doctoral thesis analyzes the process of cultural hybridity through food practices in the Bom Retiro neighborhood, located in the city of São Paulo, marked by different waves of immigrants from the early 20th century to the present day. Two sources are examined: the Inventário Nacional de Referências Culturais (INRC) of the neighborhood and that produced through the Oral History methodology, based on interviews with restaurant owners in this territory. By understanding food as a cultural practice, the relationships between the memory and identities of immigrant communities are highlighted. This analysis shows that the neighborhood has hybrid characteristics, influenced by processes of translation, territorialization, and reterritorialization, as pointed out by Stuart Hall and Néstor García Canclini. This conclusion challenges narratives of pure originality and authenticity, in which a single cultural representation of a particular preparation method or use of an ingredient prevails over others. In this sense, the thesis also demonstrates that the cultural identities existing in Bom Retiro are multiple, hybrid, and essential to the configuration of its spaces, so that the transformation of the neighborhood into Koreatown, where the projection of a unique and homogeneous culture predominates, would likely lead to a historical and identity erasure of various actors and social groups. 

Died in February 2014, the writer and journalist Renato Pompeu won three Abril awards and an Esso journalism award, the latter the most important distinction awarded to a professional in the Brazilian press. As a writer he left 22 books published, among them, a novel called Quatro-Olhos, from 1976. Quatro-Olhos draws attention to the very unique way in which Renato Pompeu treats the period of military dictatorship in Brazil. By opting for a language full of metaphors, Pompeu infuses the impasses of modern life and its existential dilemmas in the political situation of the country, so that Quatro-Olhos never presents a solid sense, fully tangible, one-way or homogeneous, as if commenting on the dictatorship, Pompey spoke of his own human condition. In Quatro-Olhos, the title character finds himself distressed, depressed and distraught trying to reconstruct the memory of a book that was lost when the protagonist was taken away by agents of repression. The lost book serves as a metaphor for what the narrator thinks about society, how it is, how it should be, and how distant it is from answering these questions. In a period when the State practices persecution, torture and murder, Quatro-Olhos is not only a way to escape censorship, but also a way of expressing what is beyond language, beyond even what we call humanity. Through Quatro-Olhos we will analyze some ideas and behaviors of Brazilian society in the 60s-80s, the relationship between its social organization and the repressive politics of the State.

The present dissertation discusses the racism in the performance of the first federal public institution of social assistance, called Legião Brasileira de Assistência (LBA), in the period between 1945 and 1965. I adopted a theoretical-methodological perspective that sees the history of the LBA in dialogue with the social historiography of work and post-abolition, in order to consider the target subjects of the assistance policy, mostly black people, as members of the history of the Brazilian working class and of a racially structured world of work. In this analysis, the practices and concepts disseminated by the institution's directors were also considered, as a way of highlighting and discussing the agency through the racial hierarchy that these social actors undertook. In the first two chapters, the official journal Boletim da LBA, published between 1945 and 1965, constitutes the main source of information and questions for this research. Its scope was national and, therefore, the events and ideas reproduced refer to different places within the time frame. In the last part, on the contrary, the problematizations advance to a localized analysis in the space of action of the local instance of the LBA in the Federal District, in 1965, and the official report The Experience of the LBA in the Federal District gains prominence as documentary support.

This thesis aims to ponder about migration and return and the identities of migrating individuals. Through oral history, some individuals lives and migratory process are narrated, with a theoretical discussion about migration, nation-state building and national identities. Uruguay is the background for all those reflections, as almost one quarter of its population finds themselves currently out of its borders. The narratives of migrants returned to their original country are presented in dialogue with an interdisciplinary bibliography, focusing on handling all the different categories of analysis raised by the subjects' own perspectives. From the development of those questions, we understand that the returning migration phenomenon can not be seen as going back, but as a part of a process which communicates with representative productions generated through memories and the idea of belonging to a wider community. Thus, the analysis demonstrates that the migration processes are more complex than just departure and arrival movements, being crossed by many other factors.

This work aims to analyze the concept of objectivity in the work of Friedrich Nietzsche and its metamorphoses. By focusing on the meanings of objectivity in the Nietzschean philosophy, we have in mind the establishment of connections between this concept and central themes of the author’s thought, especially those of the relationship between art and science, history and justice, culture and scientific spirit, genealogy and perspectivism. Thus, in a first moment, we examine young Nietzsche’s thinking concerning art, science, and the artistic objectivity. The latter was, in his debut work, The Birth of Tragedy (1872), qualified as “interestless” and free of any subjective interference. In a second moment, we discuss, focusing on the II Untimely Meditations (1874), Nietzsche’s critique of history and of the historical objectivity, directed particularly against Leopold von Ranke and his model of objectivity. After that, we show how Nietzsche’s reflections on objectivity acquire new contours in the context of his critique of modern scientific culture, articulated in Beyond Good and Evil (1886). In a final analytical moment, we seek to explore the meaning of what Nietzsche called “future objectivity” in On the Genealogy of Morals (1887) and in the context of his discussion on perspectivism. This study starts from the observation that there is not only one meaning for the concept of objectivity in Nietzsche’s philosophical program and, therefore, seeks to track its transformations. In such a context, we intend to highlight the changes in the meaning of objectivity as well as to delimit the exact moment in which Nietzsche replaces a universal, fixed, and punctual objectivity with a particular, dynamic, and plural objectivity.

This dissertation aims to analyze the participation of Congress in the United States institution building in the context of atomic energy regulation during the early Cold War. The United States, emerging as the major hegemonic power after World War II, began to exercise the role of global leadership. Hence, it has undergone transformations and paradigm shifts in foreign and domestic policy. The enterprise of the atom was one of the most relevant policies in determining the new world order. Thus, after the nuclear bombs exploded in Japan in August 1945, a national effort was made to regulate the new technology. The United States then experienced challenges reconciling the mobilization for national security and guaranteeing traditional American values. Thus, the research investigated the involvement of the American Parliament in atomic policymaking from 1945 to 1950 through the approval of the Atomic Energy Act of 1946 and the transfer of authority from the military to a civilian agency. The relationship between the two bodies created by the legislation, the Atomic Energy Commission (AEC), connected to the Executive, and the Joint Committee on Atomic Energy (JCAE), from the Legislature, was addressed. Finally, the dissertation discussed the relationship between the powers, the conflicts related to secrecy and security, the partisan dynamics of the period, and the establishment of an institutional apparatus dedicated to controlling the use and development of atomic energy.

The following thesis analyzes the trajectories of the vissungos in Brazil during the 20th and 21st centuries based on their traces. The vissungos are understood here as a cultural practice, a philosophy, an episteme, a way of being and conceiving the world, transmitted through songs. These songs, which present characteristics of Central African cultural/musical practices, were sung by enslaved men and women on various occasions and in public spaces in the mining region of Diamantina, Minas Gerais, during the 19th century. They were collected among the descendants of the enslaved of the region mentioned above, especially in the localities of Quartel do Indáia, São João da Chapada, Milho Verde and Serro. The first researcher to record the lyrics and melodies of the vissungos in sheet music was Aires da Mata Machado between the 1920s and 1930s. Between 2001 ̸2002, the researcher Lúcia Valéria do Nascimento, traveling through the region of Diamantina - MG, found only 14 vissungos preserved in the memory of the singers, of the 65 recorded by Aires da Mata Machado Filho . After that, however, new songs and narratives about burial rituals were found. Between 1928 and 1970, the vissungos did not sound or become known beyond the mountains of Minas Gerais, except for some academic research and the recording of five vissungos by Luiz Heitor Correa de Azevedo in 1944. In 1974/1975, an essential modern black music group, the "Grupo Vissungo," was formed in Rio de Janeiro. In 1982, the LP "O canto dos escravos" was recorded in Rio de Janeiro, where fourteen vissungos appear. In the 21st century, documentaries about the vissungos appeared, as well as new interpretations of them by Brazilian musicians. The vissungos constitute a way of being in the world, a language and an episteme that informs the population linked to the African diaspora in Brazil. That is why we build the analysis with theoretical/methodological reflections from Cultural History and cultural studies, theories on history and memory, and the principles of Discourse Analysis and decolonial studies, among others. Thus, we weave the thesis seeking to bring into dialogue the various reconfigurations of vissungos by the black population during the twentieth and twenty-first centuries. In doing so, we argue that the transformations, re-readings and appropriations of vissungos in the 20th and 21st centuries in Brazil demonstrate how this way of seeing and being in the world connected (and connects) people in different places. In this sense, the vissungos are a sign of an identity constitution that has, among others, African ancestry as support.